Code-switching: Hindi-English

Verma, Shivendra K.

doi:10.1016/0024-3841(76)90077-2

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Topics were ones that rendered the use of pure Wolof extremely difficult, e.g. a description of school activities where Wolof equivalents had to be found for tableau, 'blackboard', dictee, 'dictation', etc.3 Similarly negative opinions of mixed codes expressed in the mixed code itself have been documented in India(Pandit, 1986;Romaine, 1989;Verma, 1976).4 A comparable figure appeared in the recent film Finzan by the Malian director Cheick OumarSissoko (1990). A young man returns to his village from the city, decked out in Italian shoes, elegant trousers, braces, and with a walkman plugged into his ears.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cultural creolisation and language use in post-colonial Africa: the case of Senegal

Swigart¹

1994

Africa

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Scholars have recently begun to describe a speech form emerging in post-colonial cities which reflects the creative melding or ‘creolisation’ of elements from indigenous and former colonial cultures. These ‘urban varieties’ are not, strictly speaking, Creoles but rather indigenous languages whose structures and lexicons have been adapted to the complexities of urban life. A primary characteristic of such varieties is their ‘devernacularisation’. No longer tied to the cultural values represented by the languages in their more traditional forms, they reflect instead the new values and way of life found in the urban centres where they are spoken. This article, based on fieldwork conducted in Senegal between 1986 and 1989, describes the formation and role of one such urban linguistic variety, Urban Wolof. In particular, it focuses on Dakarois’ conflicting tendencies to accept Urban Wolof in Dakar as the most pragmatic form of urban communication while rejecting it as evidence of an undesirable creolisation between indigenous and French culture.

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confidence: 99%

Cultural creolisation and language use in post-colonial Africa: the case of Senegal

Swigart¹

1994

Africa

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“…(5) code-mixed varieties (cf., Kachru 1979, Southworth 1977 for South Asia in general; Singh and Maniruzzaman 1983, Vaid 1980, Verma 1976Sridhar 1978;1980, Sridhar andSridhar 1980 for Kannada;Annamalai 1971 for Tamil; among others); and (6) pidginized contact languages in urban areas (cf., Apte 1974, Hosali 1982 for Butler English).…”

Section: Bilingualism and Language Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important aspect of bilingual language use in South Asia is the use of mixed codes, especially those language types involving the intercalation of elements (words, phrases, sentences) from two separate languages within single sentences. This phenomenon has been referred to variously as "conversational code-switching" (Gumperz 1982) or "codemixing" (Kachru 1979) or with language-specific labels, as 'Hinglish' (Verma 1976) or 'Singlish' [Sinhala-English] (Fernando 1977) in the recent sociolinguistic literature. The highly Sanskritized style used in traditional Dravidian literatures was referred to as the manipravala style.…”

Section: Functional Allocation Of Codesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilingualism in South Asia (India): National/Regional Profiles And Verbal Repertoires

Sridhar¹

1985

Ann Rev Appl Ling

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Anyone who undertakes to do an overview of so large an area as studies on “the South Asian bilingual's verbal repertoire and the functional allocation of languages” within so small a space as permitted by this review deserves her predicament. The problem lies in the complexity and diversity of the situation, and the danger of inanity resulting from oversimplification. However, since the alternative is to wait for book-length treatments which have yet to be written, and in the meanwhile, suffer the omission of a prime example of a multilingual region from a volume devoted to multilingualism, I shall compromise by treating only the broadly representative situations and trends and ignoring the (sometimes more interesting) particularities of a given language or an individual contact situation.

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“…Sociolinguists focus on identifying the factors that induce switching as well as understanding the meaning and function of this phenomenon in different communities (e.g. Blom & Gumperz, 1972;Moyer, 1993;Verma, 1976). Psycholinguists, in turn, study the psychological dimensions of bilingualism, such as the neurological representation of both languages and the organisation of the mental lexicon connected to each language (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The universality of syntactic constraints on Spanish–English codeswitching in the USA

Moro

2015

Language and Intercultural Communication

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This study focuses on the syntactic properties of codeswitching within sentences uttered by bilingual speakers of Spanish and English in the USA or the so-called Spanglish, by analysing data based on examples cited in the existing literature. To that end, I will examine the definitions of this cultural and linguistic phenomenon, make a necessary distinction among the different language contact phenomena that take place in a bilingual context such as the Spanish and English background in the USA, and evaluate some of the most popular and influential approaches that have come out in the codeswitching literature over the last 30 years. These approaches can be broadly classified into two groups: first, those that are essentially descriptive or constraint-based, and second, the studies that are explanatory or constraint-free. Finally, I conclude that although there seems to be no definitive, universal model of codeswitching, formal linguistics research has comprehensively shown that codeswitching requires a strong command of the two languages and that it is not an unstructured phenomenon. This constitutes a sharp contrast with the relationship commonly established between Spanglish and illiteracy, marginality and chaos. This language choice simply reveals how bilinguals live in between two languages and two cultures.Este estudio se centra en las propiedades sintácticas de la alternancia lingüística dentro de las oraciones emitidas por los hablantes bilingües de español e inglés en los Estados Unidos o el llamado Spanglish, mediante el análisis de datos basados en ejemplos citados en la bibliografía existente. Con este fin, examinaremos las definiciones de este fenómeno lingüístico y cultural, haremos una distinción necesaria entre los diferentes fenómenos de contacto lingüístico que tienen lugar en un contexto bilingüe como el uso del español y el inglés en Estados Unidos, y evaluaremos algunos de los enfoques más populares e influyentes que han aparecido en la bibliografía sobre la alternancia en los últimos treinta años. Estos enfoques pueden clasificarse en dos grupos: primero, los que son esencialmente descriptivos o basados en restricciones, y segundo, los estudios explicativos o libres de restricción. Finalmente, concluiremos que aunque parece que no hay un modelo definitivo y universal de la alternancia, la investigación en lingüística formal ha demostrado exhaustivamente que la alternancia requiere un gran dominio de las dos lenguas y que no es un fenómeno desestructurado. Esto representa un marcado contraste con la relación comúnmente establecida entre el Spanglish y el analfabetismo, la marginalidad y el desorden. Esta elección lingüística simplemente pone de manifiesto como los individuos bilingües viven entre dos lenguas y dos culturas.

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Code-switching: Hindi-English

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Cultural creolisation and language use in post-colonial Africa: the case of Senegal

Cultural creolisation and language use in post-colonial Africa: the case of Senegal

Bilingualism in South Asia (India): National/Regional Profiles And Verbal Repertoires

The universality of syntactic constraints on Spanish–English codeswitching in the USA

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