Code Status Discussion Skill Retention in Internal Medicine Residents: One-Year Follow-Up

Wayne, Diane B.; Moazed, Farzad; Cohen, Elaine; Sharma, Rashmi; McGaghie, William C.; Szmuilowicz, Eytan

doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0232

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Over half (20/37) of the studies were conducted in the USA, 22,25,[28][29][30][31]39,41,42,45,[47][48][49][50][52][53][54][55][56][57] nine were conducted in the UK, 26,[32][33][34][35]37,40,43,44 two were conducted in Australia 23,24 and one study was conducted in each of Germany, 46 Belgium, 38 Switzerland, 51 the Netherlands, 16 Singapore 36 and Saudi Arabia. 27 …”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 37 studies, eight were randomised controlled trials, [22][23][24]30,45,54,55,57 27 were before-and-after studies 16,[25][26][27][28][29][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][48][49][50][51][52][53]56 and two were cluster controlled studies. 46,47 Two studies were assessed as providing strong evidence, 24,40 12 were assessed as providing moderate evidence 16,22,23,29,30,[35][36][37][38]54,55,…”

Section: Quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…46,47 Two studies were assessed as providing strong evidence, 24,40 12 were assessed as providing moderate evidence 16,22,23,29,30,[35][36][37][38]54,55,57 and 23 were assessed as providing weak evidence. [25][26][27][28][31][32][33][34]39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]56 REVIEW OF PUBLISHED EVIDENCE NIHR Journals Library www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk…”

Section: Quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[50][51][52][53][54][55] Study participants included 44 medical students and 269 junior doctors. [50][51][52][53][54] Studies typically used multifaceted interventions including role play (n = 3 50,52 ), provision of information (n = 2 50,51 ), reflective practice (n = 3 [51][52][53] ) and case-based discussions (n = 2 52,53 ).…”

Section: Physician Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…54,55 The multimodal package included a 2-hour teaching with deliberate practice of communication skills, online modules and self-reflection in addition to assigned clinical rotations. Control group residents completed clinical rotations alone.…”

Section: Physician Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation decisions: an evidence synthesis

Perkins

Griffiths

George

et al. 2016

Health Serv Deliv Res

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BackgroundCardiac arrest is the final common step in the dying process. In the right context, resuscitation can reverse the dying process, yet success rates are low. However, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a highly invasive medical treatment, which, if applied in the wrong setting, can deprive the patient of dignified death. Do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions provide a mechanism to withhold CPR. Recent scientific and lay press reports suggest that the implementation of DNACPR decisions in NHS practice is problematic.Aims and objectivesThis project sought to identify reasons why conflict and complaints arise, identify inconsistencies in NHS trusts’ implementation of national guidelines, understand health professionals’ experience in relation to DNACPR, its process and ethical challenges, and explore the literature for evidence to improve DNACPR policy and practice.MethodsA systematic review synthesised evidence of processes, barriers and facilitators related to DNACPR decision-making and implementation. Reports from NHS trusts, the National Reporting and Learning System, the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, the Office of the Chief Coroner, trust resuscitation policies and telephone calls to a patient information line were reviewed. Multiple focus groups explored service-provider perspectives on DNACPR decisions. A stakeholder group discussed the research findings and identified priorities for future research.ResultsThe literature review found evidence that structured discussions at admission to hospital or following deterioration improved patient involvement and decision-making. Linking DNACPR to overall treatment plans improved clarity about goals of care, aided communication and reduced harms. Standardised documentation improved the frequency and quality of recording decisions. Approximately 1500 DNACPR incidents are reported annually. One-third of these report harms, including some instances of death. Problems with communication and variation in trusts’ implementation of national guidelines were common. Members of the public were concerned that their wishes with regard to resuscitation would not be respected. Clinicians felt that DNACPR decisions should be considered within the overall care of individual patients. Some clinicians avoid raising discussions about CPR for fear of conflict or complaint. A key theme across all focus groups, and reinforced by the literature review, was the negative impact on overall patient care of having a DNACPR decision and the conflation of ‘do not resuscitate’ with ‘do not provide active treatment’.LimitationsThe variable quality of some data sources allows potential overstatement or understatement of findings. However, data source triangulation identified common issues.ConclusionThere is evidence of variation and suboptimal practice in relation to DNACPR decisions across health-care settings. There were deficiencies in considering, discussing and implementing the decision, as well as unintended consequences of DNACPR decisions being made on other aspects of patient care.Future workRecommendations supported by the stakeholder group are standardising NHS policies and forms, ensuring cross-boundary recognition of DNACPR decisions, integrating decisions with overall treatment plans and developing tools and training strategies to support clinician and patient decision-making, including improving communication.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002669.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

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