COD capture: a feasible option towards energy self-sufficient domestic wastewater treatment

Wan, Junfeng; Gu, Jun; Zhao, Qian; Liu, Yu

doi:10.1038/srep25054

Cited by 198 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…On the other land, AD, as a pretreatment for vermicomposting step, lowered the pathogen loading rate for the worms. Compare to fish/aquaculture food resource, the public exercises much more due caution for the agricultural use (Wan et al, 2016). However, these applications of such digestate residue should be strictly regulated to ensure that it is hygienically safe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge?

Zhao

Liu

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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Editor: Huu Hao NgoAs World Health Organization advocates, the global burden of sanitation related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and safely treated wastewater should be monitored strictly. However, the spread of pathogens through various agricultural applications or direct discharge of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants poses a serious challenge on the environment and public health. Anaerobic digestion (AD), the principal method of stabilizing biosolids, can efficiently and largely deactivate viable pathogens, including parasite, virus, and the pathogens harboring antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview regarding the deactivation of sludge-associated pathogens by AD, through which a serious concern on the effectiveness and rationality of AD towards sludge pathogens control was raised. Meanwhile, the underlying deactivation mechanisms and affecting factors were all discussed, with the focus on pathogen-associated modeling, engineering design and technological aspects of AD. Lastly, a matric method incorporating the operating strategy of AD with the risk assessment was proposed for evaluating the reliability of AD-based pathogen deactivation, while the research agenda forward was also outlined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge?

Zhao

Liu

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“… Based upon a theoretical average chemical energy content of 16.25 kJ/g tCOD (Metcalf & Eddy, ; Wan et al, ). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean value of raw wastewater tCOD (450 mg/L) is selected to estimate the energy recovered by the CEPT process. c Based upon a theoretical average chemical energy content of 16.25 kJ/g tCOD (Metcalf & Eddy, 2014;Wan et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of chemically enhanced primary treatment on the downstream liquid and solid train processes

Shewa

Tang

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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The use of chemical coagulants and flocculants to supplement chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) processes is increasing in popularity as it has been demonstrated to improve carbon redirection and suspended solids and phosphorus removal. Dosing 15 mg ferric chloride/L of wastewater and poly aluminum chloride (PACl; 0.5 mg/L) to the influent of a primary clarifier successfully achieved improved carbon redirection and suspended solids removal at a full‐scale WWTP. In this study, the impacts of PACl on the downstream liquid and solid train processes of the same WWTP were investigated. Compared to FeCl3 addition, a combined PACl and FeCl3 addition to the primary influent reduced the TSS and TP concentrations of the secondary clarifier effluent by 20% and 33%, respectively. Effluent BOD5 and ammonia‐nitrogen concentrations of the downstream activated sludge process were not affected by the addition of a combined FeCl3 and PACl in the primary clarifier. PACl addition affects the bioavailability of carbon and hence reduced the methane production efficiency of the primary sludge by 20%–30%. However, the significant amount of carbon concentrated in the CEPT sludge would enhance the amount of energy recovered through incineration. Practitioner points The chemically enhanced primary treatment process is an attractive method for carbon redirection and energy recovery. The combined FeCl3 and PACl addition in the primary clarifier improves the full scale activated sludge process effluent quality. PACl has a negative effect on methane production.

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“…Given that aeration of wastewater is the major energy user in Chinese wastewater treatment plants, focusing on energy efficiency in this area through optimisation of the activated sludge process is important. Another alternative is to shift the focus from increasing efficiency of aeration to increasing the quantity of organic matter that is retrieved during primary treatment …”

Section: Energy For Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy for Conventional Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment in Urban China: A Review

Smith

Liu

2017

Global Challenges

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whereas estimates for electricity use in the water sector as a percentage of total electricity use in developed countries are generally under 5%. But within water supply and wastewater treatment, energy is an important component of both environmental impact and cost. The main contributor to the overall environmental burden and global warming potential of potable water production is coal-generated electricity, which is most of the electricity produced in China. [3,4] Energy is a major contributor to the cost of producing water and treating wastewater; it can represent over 30% of annual operations and maintenance expenses in a typical water treatment plant, [5] and between 25 and 45% of operations and maintenance expenses in wastewater treatment plants. [6,7] China is an important country for the study of energy for water, particularly in urban areas where population is rapidly increasing. China's daily wastewater treatment capacity approximately doubled between 2007 and 2013 [8] and energy use for wastewater treatment almost doubled between 2008 and 2013. [9] Electricity consumption for potable water supply in China has more than doubled since 2000. [10] Research on energy for water in China has increased over the past ten years. The main objective of this paper is to review the current status of energy for conventional water supply and wastewater treatment in China using the growing body of literature available. Review ScopeThe scope of this review can be defined as follows. The review is restricted to electricity use for water supply and wastewater treatment in urban areas of China. (Notably, energy for (1) irrigation in rural areas, (2) energy for chemical manufacturing and plant construction and (3) residential end use (e.g. showering) are outside the scope of this review.) The majority of water sourced and treated for drinking water purposes in China is from conventional sources (i.e. groundwater and surface water sourced and used within the same province) and the majority of wastewater is treated using primary and secondary treatment. This review thus focuses on energy for conventional water supply and wastewater treatment. Alternative water sources (e.g. desalination, transfer and recycled water) and tertiary wastewater treatment are outside the scope of the review. See Figure 1 for the study scope.This review seeks to provide a better understanding of energy used in the urban water system in China. Electricity is a major contributor to the environmental impact of water supply and wastewater treatment, particularly in countries like China where electricity is largely generated using coal and has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Electricity use can also constitute one of the main costs for water and wastewater companies. China is an important country for the study of energy for water, particularly in urban areas where population is rapidly increasing. China's daily wastewater treatment capacity has increased dramatically over the last decade and a half, and energy use for both wastewater t...

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COD capture: a feasible option towards energy self-sufficient domestic wastewater treatment

Cited by 198 publications

References 43 publications

Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge?

Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge?

The impact of chemically enhanced primary treatment on the downstream liquid and solid train processes

Energy for Conventional Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment in Urban China: A Review

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