Cocoa‐enriched diets modulate intestinal and systemic humoral immune response in young adult rats

Pérez-Berezo, Teresa; Franch, Àngels; Ramos-Romero, Sara; Castellote, Cristina; Pérez-Cano, Francisco J.

doi:10.1002/mnfr.201000588

Cited by 39 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…The slower body weight increase was similar to that reported in healthy rats [24,28], and this fact prompted us to determine some metabolic hormones. The FA process and later induction of anaphylaxis caused increased levels of leptin and GLP-1, both prevented by CC diet.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 56%

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Effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on immune response and anaphylaxis in a food allergy model in Brown Norway rats

Abril-Gil

Pérez-Cano

Franch

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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Previous studies have demonstrated that cocoa intake decreased Th2 immune-related antibodies in rats. In consequence, we aimed to study in depth this cocoa action, particularly assessing its effect on a rat model of food allergy (FA) and also on an anaphylactic response. The involvement of the intestinal immune system was analyzed to allow the action mechanisms to be investigated. The role of cocoa flavonoids in the antiallergic properties of cocoa was also established. Brown Norway rats were fed either a reference diet or diets containing conventional cocoa (CC) or nonfermented cocoa (NFC). FA to ovalbumin (OVA) was induced and, later, an anaphylactic response was provoked. As expected, the synthesis of anti-OVA IgE and other Th2-related antibodies was inhibited by CC diet. In addition, the release of mast cell protease II after anaphylaxis was partially prevented by CC, although other variables were not modified. The CC diet also attenuated the increase of some Th2-related cytokines released from mesenteric lymph node and spleen cells, and modulated the intestinal gene expression of molecules involved in allergic response. These results demonstrated the local and systemic influence of CC diet. The effects of the NFC diet were weaker than those of CC, suggesting that cocoa components other than flavonoids play a role in cocoa's action. In conclusion, by acting on intestinal and systemic immune functions, a cocoa-enriched diet in rats exhibited a protective effect against FA and partially against anaphylaxis, making this a food of high interest to the fields of health and immunonutrition.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Previous studies concerning the effect of a cocoa diet on the immune system in rats reveal the ability of a cocoa diet to attenuate serum and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis [2][3][4][5]23,24]. In addition, a diet containing 10% of cocoa in a rat allergy model induced by only an i.p.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on immune response and anaphylaxis in a food allergy model in Brown Norway rats

Abril-Gil

Pérez-Cano

Franch

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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“…Although in our study the colonic S-IgA concentration was not assessed, the down-regulatory effect on S-IgA of small intestine may have also occurred in the colon of cocoa-fed animals. In fact, previous studies have reported decreased S-IgA concentration in the faces of healthy animals fed with a diet containing 5% of cocoa 29 . Therefore, it could be suggested that the cocoa diet, although exerting antioxidant and even anti-inflammatory protection, may increase colon permeability by reducing S-IgA content, which may contribute to the inflammatory process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats

Pérez-Berezo

Ramírez-Santana

Franch

et al. 2012

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Cocoa is a rich source of fiber and flavonoids with recognized antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on rats with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Wistar rats were fed with either a 5% cocoa diet or standard diet. Colon inflammation was induced by DSS in the drinking water: 5% for 6 days and 2% over the following 9 days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, stool consistency and blood presence in stools. A group of animals fed standard diet was treated with quercitrin (1 mg/kg) after colitis establishment. After 2 weeks of DSS treatment, the colon oxidative and inflammatory status and lymphocyte composition from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were assessed. The cocoa-fed group did not exhibit amelioration of clinical colitis but displayed higher antioxidant activity than the colitic reference group by the restoration of colon glutathione content and prevention of lipid peroxidation. The cocoa diet showed anti-inflammatory potential because it down-regulated serum TNF-α, colon iNOS activity and decreased colon cell infiltration. Lymphocyte composition in MLN was not modified by drinking DSS, but there was an increase in the proportion of NK and regulatory T cells in the blood. These changes were not modified by cocoa. In conclusion, cocoa intake may help to inhibit the negative oxidative effects consequent to colitis, although this action is not enough to abrogate the intestinal inflammation significantly.

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“…In addition, cocoa has been reported to modulate the immune response both at systemic and intestinal levels (Massot-Cladera et al 2012;Pérez-Berezo et al 2011;Pérez-Cano et al 2013), but understanding of the mechanisms and specific components within cocoa which exert these effects is limited. Cocoa contains bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, mainly flavonoids: (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin as monomers and procyanidins as polymers, among others (Shahidi & Ambigaipalan, 2015), but cocoa is also a good source of dietary fibre (Lecumberri et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotic effects of cocoa fibre on rats

Massot-Cladera

Costabile

Childs

et al. 2015

Journal of Functional Foods

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The impact of cocoa on microbiota composition, its crosstalk with the immune system and the SCFA production, focusing on the involvement of cocoa fibre were investigated Wistar rats were fed for 3-weeks a standard diet, a diet containing 10%-cocoa (C10), cocoa fibre (CF) or inulin (I).Faecal and serum samples were collected before and after the intervention and caecal content and colon sample were collected at the end. Microbiota composition and IgA-coated bacteria and the SCFA content was quantified. The colonic expression of immune-related genes was studied. The CF diet increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus counts, the proportion of IgA-coated bacteria, the SCFA concentrations and the TLR2, TLR5, TLR7 and occludin expression. With the exception on Lactobacillus counts, the I diet modified the other variables in a more modest way than the CF diet. The CF, unlike from the C10 diet, has prebiotic effects and modulates intestinal immune markers.

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Cocoa‐enriched diets modulate intestinal and systemic humoral immune response in young adult rats

Abstract: The results demonstrate the downregulatory effect of a 5% or higher cocoa diet on the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response in adult rats.

Cited by 39 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on immune response and anaphylaxis in a food allergy model in Brown Norway rats

Effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on immune response and anaphylaxis in a food allergy model in Brown Norway rats

Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats

Prebiotic effects of cocoa fibre on rats

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