Cocoa-Butter-Equivalent Production from <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> by Optimization of Fermentation Technology

Abstract

In order to obtain the optimal control point for single-cell lipid production with fatty acid profile similar to cocoa butter, this study explored the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, sterculic acid methyl ester, cobalt on cell growth and lipid accumulation of Yarrowia lipolytica. Glycerol and ammonium tartrate-yeast extract were chosen as carbon source and nitrogen source for production of cocoa butter equivalent. Gradual increase in temperature (20-35°C) resulted in growth reduction, while increased in lipid content per Cell Dry Weight (CDW) (10.13 to 19.7%, w/w) and Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA). Our results suggests that the optimum conditions for Y. lipolytica to synthesize cocoa butter equivalent was 30°C with 0.6 mg L −1 of CoCl 2 ·6H 2 O or 0.03 mL L −1 sterculic acid methyl ester in the medium with glycerol and ammonium tartrate-yeast extract as carbon source and nitrogen source.

Waste fat biodegradation and biomodification by Yarrowia lipolytica and a bacterial consortium composed of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas putida

“…As with Y. lipolytica LFMB 20, the bacterial consortium did not assimilate FA (C18:0) and similar findings have been reported for A. curvatum and Starmerella bombicola [47,53]. Williams et al [51] observed a transformation of FOG FAs from unsaturated to saturated forms perhaps due to microbial transformations by bacteria. Williams et al [51] observed a transformation of FOG FAs from unsaturated to saturated forms perhaps due to microbial transformations by bacteria.…”

“…The main FAs were palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, which have also been shown as principal long chain fatty acids of FOGs or other fatty wastes [9,24,50,51]. The main FAs were palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, which have also been shown as principal long chain fatty acids of FOGs or other fatty wastes [9,24,50,51].…”

“…Papanikolaou et al [11] studied the growth of Y. lipolytica on blends of stearin (a "hard" fat composed of ca 100% w/w saturated FAs) and hydrolyzed oleic rapeseed oil (a "soft" fat principally composed of the FA 9C18:1) and found that lipid accumulation was positively related with the presence of the FA C18:0 in the medium [5,11,20]. and Pseudomonas sp.. Interestingly, the concentration of the accumulated saturated fatty acids (%, w/w), which was higher than 50%, resembled that of cocoa-butter or other exotic fats [11,15,50,51], indicating, the potential of the bacterial consortium for the production of specialty lipids. lipid in DCW>30% w/w), the concentration of C18:0 into the medium was noticeably higher than that in the initial fat substrate composition, which explains the low levels of accumulated lipids observed during growth on olive oil and butter substrates (see Table 1).…”

“…To the best of our knowledge there are no literature reports for such high yield values by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas sp.. Interestingly, the concentration of the accumulated saturated fatty acids (%, w/w), which was higher than 50%, resembled that of cocoa-butter or other exotic fats [11,15,50,51], indicating, the potential of the bacterial consortium for the production of specialty lipids. The values obtained using both inocula indicate the considerable potential of these microorganisms to produce added-value compounds.…”

Lipids from yeasts and fungi: physiology, production and analytical considerations

“…; Aggelis 2010, 2011b;Wei et al 2017). Various strategies, including genetic engineering approaches, fermentations at low oxygenation level, employment of D9 desaturase inhibitors and cultivations on media rich in the FA C18:0 have been successfully performed in order to alleviate the above-mentioned disadvantage and create lipids with composition similarities with the cocoa butter (Moreton 1988;Davies et al 1990;Papanikolaou et al 2001;Papanikolaou et al 2003;Xiong et al 2015;Zhao et al 2016). Yeast lipid can also be employed for commodity uses such us biodiesel production.…”