Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies

Peek, H.W.; Landman, W. J. M.

doi:10.1080/01652176.2011.605247

Cited by 301 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Disease control relies on the use of in-feed drugs, but multidrug resistant parasites are ubiquitous, and concerns about residues are widespread (12). Live anticoccidial vaccines have been used in small sectors of the poultry industry for more than 50 y with no evidence of parasite evolution toward resistance/immune escape (11).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Blake

Clark

Macdonald

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

102

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The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization. All four of these factors have been investigated for Plasmodium species parasites, revealing both clonal and panmictic population structures with exceptional polymorphism associated with immunoprotective antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). For the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii only genomic diversity and population structure have been defined in depth so far; for the closely related Eimeria species, all four variables are currently unknown. Using Eimeria tenella, a major cause of the enteric disease coccidiosis, which exerts a profound effect on chicken productivity and welfare, we determined population structure, genotype distribution, and likelihood of crossfertilization during coinfection and also investigated the extent of naturally occurring antigenic diversity for the E. tenella AMA1 homolog. Using genome-wide Sequenom SNP-based haplotyping, targeted sequencing, and single-cell genotyping, we show that in this coccidian the functionality of EtAMA1 appears to outweigh immune evasion. This result is in direct contrast to the situation in Plasmodium and most likely is underpinned by the biology of the direct and acute coccidian life cycle in the definitive host.Eimeria | coccidiosis | population structure | chickens | food security

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Blake

Clark

Macdonald

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

102

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“…However, coccidiosis did not occur on farms with drug-resistant strains of Eimeria (Hemsley, 1964), which cause subclinical coccidiosis expressed by poor weight gain and high feed consumption (Harfoush et al, 2010;Jenkins et al, 2010), leading to considerable economic losses. Annual costs of coccidiosis in the world have been estimated at two billion euro (Peek and Landman, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The poultry industry cannot be viable without specific prophylaxis based mainly on the use of in-feed anticoccidial drugs named coccidiostats (Peek and Landman, 2011) and rarely on vaccination (live vaccines), because of economic reasons and adverse effects on early chick growth (Williams, 2002). According to the European Commission (report COM 2008/233 of Regulation 1831/2003, in 2006 in Europe, approximately 84% of broilers were prevented with coccidiostats and 12% by vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The economic impact of infection with Eimeria spp. in broiler farms from Romania

et al. 2016

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-A survey was conducted on chicken broiler farms from Romania in August-November 2010 to evaluate economic losses due to coccidiosis. Data were collected from six broiler farms of different capacity regarding chemoprophylaxis program, weight gain, feed conversion, and mortality, for two previous flocks in two houses of each farm, and finally we evaluated the economic losses. Also, faeces samples were collected and oocysts were classified according to their size, and virulence of each Eimeria spp. field isolate was determined by lesion scoring. Correlations between economic performance, oocysts category, and virulence of Eimeria were assessed by multiple linear regression. Total economic losses per 24 flocks of 18,000 chicks each were about €37,948.2, with an average of €3,162.4 per flock, and they were caused by mortality (34.8%) and poor feed conversion (65.2%). Poor body weight gain was associated with AM oocyst category (presumptively E. acervulina and/or E. mitis), high lesion score in the duodenum, and coccidiostat used for chemoprophylaxis. Feed conversion ratio was linked to the same parameters as body weight gain, minus chemoprophylaxis programme, plus total lesion score. The percentage of mortality was influenced by the lesion score in the caecum and total lesion score. Statistical analysis showed that epidemiological survey of broiler flocks during the grower period can help the farmer to avoid important economic losses due to coccidiosis. As in other countries, the economic losses caused by coccidiosis in Romania are important, and a good prophylaxis programme can reduce the economic impact of coccidiosis.

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“…Wherever chickens are reared one or more Eimeria species are likely to be common [2][3][4] . In the developed world Eimeria are primarily controlled by chemoprophylaxis, employing shuttle or rotation programmes to minimise the impact of resistance 5 . Live vaccines are also used in systems where bird value is sufficient to justify the cost (e.g., breeding stock, layers and some broilers 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the developed world Eimeria are primarily controlled by chemoprophylaxis, employing shuttle or rotation programmes to minimise the impact of resistance 5 . Live vaccines are also used in systems where bird value is sufficient to justify the cost (e.g., breeding stock, layers and some broilers 5 ). As a result of these measures clinical coccidiosis is often well controlled, although sub-clinical infection is common 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Species-specific Detection of <em>Eimeria</em> that Infect Chickens

Barkway

Pocock

Vrba

et al. 2015

JoVE

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Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the absence of effective control clinical coccidiosis can be devastating. Resistance to the chemoprophylactics frequently used to control Eimeria is common and sub-clinical infection is widespread, influencing feed conversion ratios and susceptibility to other pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens. Despite the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tools, diagnosis of Eimeria infection still relies almost entirely on traditional approaches such as lesion scoring and oocyst morphology, but neither is straightforward. Limitations of the existing molecular tools include the requirement for specialist equipment and difficulties accessing DNA as template. In response a simple field DNA preparation protocol and a panel of species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays have been developed for the seven Eimeria recognised to infect the chicken. We now provide a detailed protocol describing the preparation of genomic DNA from intestinal tissue collected post-mortem, followed by setup and readout of the LAMP assays. Eimeria species-specific LAMP can be used to monitor parasite occurrence, assessing the efficacy of a farm's anticoccidial strategy, and to diagnose sub-clinical infection or clinical disease with particular value when expert surveillance is unavailable.

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Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies

Cited by 301 publications

References 146 publications

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

The economic impact of infection with Eimeria spp. in broiler farms from Romania

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Species-specific Detection of <em>Eimeria</em> that Infect Chickens

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