Coccidiosis in dogs—100 years of progress

Dubey, J. P.; Lindsay, David S.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.004

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…Dubey and Frenkel (1972) first proposed the term 'type' for intestinal stages of Toxoplasma gondii because there was a profuse asexual multiplication of meront types long after gametogony in feline enterocytes; asexual generations could not be determined. Subsequently, it was found that Isospora (now Cystoisospora) of dogs and cats followed the same pattern as in T. gondii (Dubey, 2018;Dubey and Lindsay, 2019). In Cystoisospora species, the parasites divide by endodyogeny (division into two), by fission, and multiple endodyogeny; typical multinucleated round schizonts are absent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Endogenous development of Cystoisospora belli in intestinal and biliary epithelium of humans

Dubey¹,

Evason²,

Walther³

2019

Parasitology

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Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli is a coccidian parasite of humans. It can cause serious digestive disorders involving infection of intestines, biliary tract and gallbladder, especially in those with depressed immunity. It has a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. After ingestion of sporulated oocysts, the parasite multiplies asexually and sexually within host epithelial cells, resulting in unsporulated oocysts that are excreted in feces. The details of asexual and sexual stages are not known and certain inclusions in epithelial cells in biopsy samples have been erroneously identified recently as C. belli. Here, we provide details of developmental stages of C. belli in two patients, in duodenal biopsy of one and biliary epithelium of the other. Immature and mature asexual stages (schizonts/meronts) were seen in epithelial cells. The merozoites were seen singly, in pairs and in groups in single parasitophorous vacuole (pv) in host cytoplasm. Immature and mature meronts were seen together in the same pv; up to eight nuclei were seen in meronts that retained elongated crescent shape; round multinucleated schizonts, seen in other coccidians, were not found. Meronts were up to 25 µm long and contained up to ten merozoites that were 8–11 µm long. The merozoites and meronts contained PAS-positive granules. Microgamonts (male) contained up to 30 nuclei that were arranged at the periphery and had condensed chromatin; 1–3 PAS-positive, eosinophilic, residual bodies were left when microgametes were formed. The microgametes were 4 µm long and PAS-negative. All stages of macrogamonts, including oocysts were PAS-positive. The detailed description of the life cycle stages of C. belli reported here should facilitate in histopathologic diagnosis of this parasite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Endogenous development of Cystoisospora belli in intestinal and biliary epithelium of humans

Dubey¹,

Evason²,

Walther³

2019

Parasitology

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“…The undivided mass was considered multinucleated meront and not a residual body. This is normal pattern in asexual stages of cat and dog coccidia (Dubey, 2018; Dubey and Lindsay, 2019 b , 2019 c ). However, ultrastructural studies are needed to resolve mode of multiplication of all canine Cystoisospora species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Re-evaluation of merogony of aCystoisospora ohioensis-like coccidian and its distinction from gametogony in the intestine of a naturally infected dog

Dubey

2019

Parasitology

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Four species of Cystoisospora, C. canis, C. ohioensis, C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are described from feces of dogs. Of these, the oocysts of C. canis are the largest and easily distinguished from the remaining three species. Oocysts of C. ohioensis, C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are difficult to distinguish because of overlap in their sizes. However, based on endogenous developmental stages, C. ohioensis is distinct from C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi because its endogenous stages are confined to surface epithelium of intestine whereas endogenous stages of C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are predominantly in the lamina propria. There are uncertainties regarding the endogenous stages of C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi and there is no way now to determine whether C. burrowsi and C. neorivolta are different parasites; therefore, these are referred as C. ohioensis-like organisms. Additionally, mode of division of asexual stages of coccidia of dogs is largely unknown and ultrastructural studies are lacking. In the present study, development of asexual and sexual stages of a C. ohioensis-like organism in a naturally infected dog is described by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. Merozoites divided by endodyogeny/merogony. Meronts were crescent/merozoite-shaped and contained a maximum of eight nuclei. A distinctive feature of merozoites was the presence of many PAS-positive amylopectin granules that were absent or rare in immature microgamonts making it possible to distinguish them.

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“…The typical clinical signs are depression, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhoea and dehydration 24. There are several currently available drugs that are recommended for coccidiosis treatment in dogs, including sulfonamides, amprolium, spiramycin and diclazuril 7 24. It is paramount to emphasise that appropriate cleaning and disinfection of kennels are also very important preventive measures in order to minimise transmission to animals and people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cystoisospora infection is prevalent worldwide, and the most likely source of infection in puppies is the oocysts excreted by their dams 24. The typical clinical signs are depression, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhoea and dehydration 24. There are several currently available drugs that are recommended for coccidiosis treatment in dogs, including sulfonamides, amprolium, spiramycin and diclazuril 7 24.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth stunted in half a litter of puppies due to intestinal parasitism

Frada

Machado

Coutinho³

et al. 2020

Vet Record Case Reports

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Four puppies of Estrela mountain dog breed, out of a litter of nine, eight weeks of age, and with poor body condition, poor appetite, pica (geophagia) and stunted growth from the fifth week of age, were attended at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. On physical examination, it was concluded that the puppies were severely underweight. Rectal examination showed dark faeces. Nevertheless, the puppies were alert, responsive and interested in wet food. Haematological, biochemical, faecal, radiographic, ultrasonographic and CT studies were performed. The main abnormalities detected were mild anaemia and intestinal parasitism caused by Giardia species and coccidia. The puppies started to be fed with wet food and were treated with metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for intestinal parasitism. The puppies regained their appetite and growth, and their body condition gradually improved. At 12 weeks of age the puppies were completely healthy, without evidence of sequela, and living with their new owners.

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Coccidiosis in dogs—100 years of progress

Cited by 14 publications

References 116 publications

Endogenous development of Cystoisospora belli in intestinal and biliary epithelium of humans

Endogenous development of Cystoisospora belli in intestinal and biliary epithelium of humans

Re-evaluation of merogony of aCystoisospora ohioensis-like coccidian and its distinction from gametogony in the intestine of a naturally infected dog

Growth stunted in half a litter of puppies due to intestinal parasitism

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