Coccidioidomycosis in returned Australian travellers

Subedi, Saujan; Broom, Jennifer; Caffery, Michael; Bint, Michael; Sowden, David

doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02855.x

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Individuals traveling through or briefly residing in these regions may acquire the disease. 109,110 In these areas, coccidioidomycosis, also commonly known as Valley Fever (after the San Joaquin Valley in central California), is a common cause of CAP, accounting for almost 30% of the cases. 111 Anyone may acquire the infection, but some individuals with a high risk of exposure, such as those working on construction sites, doing military exercises, or engaging in any other process that results in substantial soil disruption, 112,113 are at a particularly increased risk.…”

Section: Coccidioidomycosis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic Fungi Presenting as Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review

Azar

Malo

Hage

2020

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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AbstractIn endemic areas, dimorphic fungal infections due to Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides posadasii/immitis account for up to 30% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Because respiratory manifestations are often indistinguishable from common bacterial causes of pneumonia, the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis is often delayed and associated with antibiotics overuse. In addition to being highly endemic to certain regions of North America, dimorphic fungi have global significance due to established areas of endemicity in all six inhabited continents, an increasingly interconnected world of travelers and transported goods, and a changing epidemiology as a result of global heating and anthropomorphic land utilization. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies for histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis.

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Section: Coccidioidomycosis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic Fungi Presenting as Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review

Azar

Malo

Hage

2020

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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“…In Canada, a high number of reported cases in Ontario have even prompted reviews that investigate the impact of fungi on the city [84]. Outside of the western hemisphere, coccidioidomycosis has been observed in recent travelers of endemic zones returning home to Europe [85][86][87], Australia [88][89][90], and Asia [91][92][93][94]. The threat of coccidioidomycosis is thus a very important consideration for traveling individuals with a propensity for coccidioidal infection, such as immunocompromised individuals.…”

Section: Risk Factors For the Acquisition Of Coccidioidomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Coccidioidomycosis: Epidemiology, Fungal Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Development

2019

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Purpose of Review Coccidioidomycosis can result from the inhalation of infectious spores of Coccidioides species (spp.) immitis or posadasii. Clinical manifestations range from mild flu-like disease to severe disseminated infection that can require life-long therapy. Burden of this mycosis is high in the southwest region of the USA where it is well characterized, and in many areas of Mexico and Latin America where it is inadequately characterized. Here, we provide historical data and current knowledge on Coccidioides spp. pathogenesis as well as recent progress in therapeutic and vaccine development against coccidioidomycosis. Recent Findings The virulence mechanisms of Coccidioides spp. are largely unknown; however, production and regulation of a spherule glycoprotein, ammonium production, and melanization have all been proposed as integral factors in Coccidioides spp.' pathogenesis. Therapeutic options are limited and not 100% effective, but individualized treatment with triazoles or amphotericin B over the course of pulmonary or disseminated infection can be effective in resolution of coccidioidomycosis. Human immunization has not been achieved but efforts are ongoing. Summary Advances in therapeutic and vaccine development are imperative for the prevention and treatment of coccidioidomycosis, especially for those individuals at risk either living or traveling to or from endemic areas.

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“…Scedosporium apiospermum and S. prolificans often require combination therapy using voriconazole and terbinafine, reductions in immunosuppression and occasionally debulking surgery if possible [252,275]. With increasing overseas travel, the endemic mycoses may need to be considered in a wide range of differential diagnoses given their variable clinical presentation [281,282]. An initial awareness of the relevant epidemiology is key, coupled with appropriate sero-testing and culture diagnostic methods for blood and tissue.…”

Section: Fungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%