Coccidioidomycosis in Latin America

Laniado-Laborı́n, Rafael; Arathoon, Eduardo; Canteros, Cristina Elena; Muñíz-Salazar, Raquel; Rendón, Adrián

doi:10.1093/mmy/myy037

Cited by 60 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Epidemiological studies show that coccidioidomycosis in South America is mostly caused by C. posadasii (19, 61, 64). Molecular analyses of soil DNA revealed that Coccidioides is common in xeric environments of Venezuela: all sampled sites (N = 15) were positive for Coccidioides; and sequencing of one of the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS2) suggested that all the environmental samples from the region are, indeed, C. posadasii (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the availability of many clinical isolates, most sampling has occurred in these two US states, even though the geographic range extends into Latin America. Coccidioidomycosis has been reported less frequently in arid and semiarid environments of Central America (Guatemala and Honduras) and South America (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia and Venezuela) (19, 20). It is unclear if isolates of Coccidioides from the southwestern United States show a pattern of higher infectivity and/or virulence, or if it reflects a lower prevalence of the organism in other endemic regions in the Americas coupled with lower population densities in most arid regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in Venezuela suggests a high prevalence of C. posadasii in the soil (33). The actual occurrence of coccidioidomycosis remains unclear; as fewer than 1,000 total coccidioidomycosis cases have been reported over the last century in South and Central America (19, 26). However, environmental sampling and serological inquires suggest that the importance and prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in South America may be vastly underappreciated, and little is known about the genetic characteristics and genealogical relationships of this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong population structure in Venezuelan populations ofCoccidioides posadasii

Teixeira

Alvarado

Roe

et al. 2019

Preprint

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28Coccidioides posadasii is a pathogenic fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis in many arid regions of 29 the Americas. One of these regions is bordered by the Caribbean Sea, and the surrounding 30 landscape may play an important role in the dispersion of C. posadasii across South America 31 through southeastern Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala and Venezuela. Comparative phylogenomic 32 analyses of C. posadasii reveal that clinical strains from Venezuela are genetically distinct from the 33 North American populations found in Arizona (AZ), Texas, Mexico, and the rest of South America 34 (TX/MX/SA). We find evidence for admixture between the Venezuela and the North American 35 populations of C. posadasii in Central America. As expected, the proportion of Venezuelan alleles in 36 the admixed population decreases as latitude (and distance from Venezuela) increases. Our results 37 indicate that the population in Venezuela may have been subjected to a recent bottleneck, and 38shows strong population structure. This analysis provides insight into potential for Coccidioides 39 spp. to invade new regions. 40

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong population structure in Venezuelan populations ofCoccidioides posadasii

Teixeira

Alvarado

Roe

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Coccidioidomycosis is also found in Northern Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil. 22 Endemic coccidioidomycosis has not traditionally been reported outside of the American continents. However, an isolated case of disseminated disease occurred in a woman in the United Kingdom who had not left the country for 3 years and was not immunocompromised.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

Kimes

Kasule

Blair

2020

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the geographically restricted dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides. Coccidioidomycosis occurs endemically in the southwestern and western United States, mainly in focused regions of Arizona and California where the incidence is highest, and in Central and South America. Patients with impaired immunity, especially those with impaired cellular immunity, are at higher risk of severe and disseminated disease. In this review, we describe the fungal ecology and mycology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and normal immune defenses to Coccidioides as well as address current concepts in diagnosis, treatment, and continued care of patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. We also present and answer our most frequently asked questions regarding patients with primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.

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“…C immitis is endemic to the south‐western United States (US), primarily the state of California, with the highest incidence in California's Central Valley; C immitis is also found in Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, increasingly in previously non‐endemic parts of the United States such as Washington State, 1,2 as well as parts of Baja California, Mexico 3 . C posadasii is endemic in parts of the United States including southern California, 4 Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, 3 as well as parts of Mexico, Central and South America 1,5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors and outcomes of culture‐proven acute Coccidioides spp. infection in San Diego, California, United States

Jenks

Reed

Hoenigl

2020

Mycoses

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Background: Coccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungi endemic to parts of the United States, Mexico, Central and South America. Infection can cause a range of disease from self-limited acute pneumonia to severe disseminated disease. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of medical records of cases of culture-proven acute coccidioidomycosis at the University of California San Diego between 1 April 2015 and 31 December 2019 and described the demographics, risk factors and outcomes of these cases. Results: Over the study period, fifteen evaluable cases of culture-proven acute coccidioidomycosis were identified. Of these, 87% (13/15) had traditional risk factors for coccidioidomycosis infection while two lacked known risk factors, including one patient with cirrhosis and one with chronic hepatitis C infection. Seven of fifteen (47%) had primary coccidioidomycosis of the lungs without dissemination and 7/15 (47%) disseminated disease. Of those with disseminated disease, 6/7 (86%) had either high-risk ethnicity or blood type as their only risk factor. At 90 days, 11/15 (73%) were alive, 3/15 (20%) deceased and 1/15 (7%) lost to follow-up. Of those not alive at 90 days, 1/3 (33%) had disseminated disease and 2/3 (67%) primary coccidioidomycosis, both on immunosuppressive therapy. Discussion: Coccidioides spp. infection occurs in a variety of hosts with varying underlying risk factors, with the majority in our cohort overall and 86% with disseminated disease lacking traditional risk factors for invasive fungal infection other than ethnicity and/or blood phenotype. Clinicians should be aware of these non-traditional risk factors in patients with coccidioidomycosis infection.

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Coccidioidomycosis in Latin America

Cited by 60 publications

References 42 publications

Strong population structure in Venezuelan populations ofCoccidioides posadasii

Strong population structure in Venezuelan populations ofCoccidioides posadasii

Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

Risk factors and outcomes of culture‐proven acute Coccidioides spp. infection in San Diego, California, United States

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