Cocaine Use in Europe – A Multi-Centre Study: Patterns of Use in Different Groups

Abstract

Aim: The study investigates patterns of cocaine powder and crack cocaine use of different groups in nine European cities. Design, Setting, Participants: Multi-centre cross-sectional study conducted in Barcelona, Budapest, Dublin, Hamburg, London, Paris, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The sample comprises 1,855 cocaine users out of three subgroups: 632 cocaine users in addiction treatment, mainly maintenance treatment; 615 socially marginalized cocaine users not in treatment, and 608 socially integrated cocaine users not in treatment. Measurements: Use of cocaine powder, crack cocaine and other substances in the last 30 days, routes of administration, and lifetime use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine. Findings: The marginalized group showed the highest intensity of cocaine use, the highest intensity of heroin use and of multiple substance use. 95% of the integrated group snorted cocaine powder, while in the two other groups, injecting was quite prevalent, but with huge differences between the cities. 96% of all participants had used at least one other substance in addition to cocaine in the last 30 days. Conclusions: The use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine varies widely between different groups and between cities. Nonetheless, multiple substance use is the predominating pattern of cocaine use, and the different routes of administration have to be taken into account.

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The North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI): Profile of Participants in North America’s First Trial of Heroin-Assisted Treatment

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Patterns of cocaine and opioid co-use and polyroutes of administration among street-based cocaine users in Montréal, Canada

“…The development of public health programs aimed at problematic cocaine users is challenged by the fact that they can have complex patterns of drug use, particularly with respect to polysubstance use and routes of drug administration (Fischer et al, 2010;Guindalini, Vallada, Breen, & Laranjeira, 2006;Latkin, Knowlton, & Sherman, 2001;Prinzleve et al, 2004;Roy, Arruda, Vaillancourt, et al, 2012;Shaw, Shah, Jolly, & Wylie, 2008).…”

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