Whether the δ -opioid receptor (DOR) system can modulate behavioral effects of cocaine remains equivocal. We examined whether site-and subtype-selective blockade of DORs within the rat mesocorticolimbic system affects cocaine self-administration. The DOR antagonist naltrindole 5′-isothiocyanate (5′-NTII; 5 nmol) was microinjected into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), or amygdala (AMYG) in rats self-administering 1.5 mg/kg cocaine under a progressive ratio (PR)schedule. Intra-NAcc 5′-NTII significantly decreased cocaine selfadministration, while 5′-NTII administration into the VTA significantly increased cocainemaintained responding. 5′-NTII adminsitration into the AMYG produced no effect. These data support a site-specific role of DORs in cocaine's behavioral effects.Whereas the initial sites of action governing cocaine reinforcement are thought to be dopamine (DA) transporters within the mesocorticolimbic system (see Koob et al.1998 for review), a number of other neurotransmitter systems co-localized within the mesocorticolimbic system can modulate the reinforcing effects of cocaine, including the endogenous opioid system. For example, non-selective opioid receptor blockade with naloxone or naltrexone can decrease cocaine self-administration in both non-human primates (Mello et al 1990) and rodents (Carroll et al 1986;De Vry et al 1989;Corrigall and Coen 1991;Ramsey and Van Ree 1991;Ramsey et al 1999). The relative contributions of μ, δ, and κ opioid receptor subtype-specific antagonism by these compounds on decreased cocaine self-administration remain equivocal. For example, our laboratory reported that site specific microinjections of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) selective antagonist beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) attenuated responding for cocaine under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement in rats (Ward et al 2003). However, MOR blockade has been shown by others to be ineffective in altering cocaine's reinforcing effects (Martin et al 1998;Corrigall et al 1999). Similarly, Kuzmin et al (1998) reported that κ-opioid antagonism decreased cocaine self-administration in rats, while others have reported no effect of κ-opioid antagonism on cocaine self-administration in rats and rhesus monkeys (Negus et al 1997).Corresponding author: Dr. Sara Jane Ward, Ph.D., Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, Phone: (215) 707-1005, Fax: (215) 707-3678, Email address: saraward@temple.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (1995) reported that only a high dose of naltrindole ...