“…Prior research suggests that individuals who abuse methamphetamines (Curtis, 2006; Donaldson and Goodchild, 2006; Hamamoto and Rhodus, 2009; Morio et al, 2008; Shetty et al, 2010), alcohol (Araujo, Dermen, Connors, & Ciancio, 2004; Hornecker, Muuss, Ehrenreich, & Mausberg, 2003; Khocht et al, 2009; Manarte, Manso, Souza, Frias-Bulhosa, & Gago, 2009), opioids (Sheedy, 1996; Steinmiller and Greenwald, 2007), marijuana (Versteeg et al, 2008), and cocaine (Brand, Gonggrijp, & Blanksma, 2008) are at increased risk of poor oral health outcomes, including enamel erosion and caries. It is not clear, however, whether these consequences are substance specific or due to substance dependence in general.…”