Cobalt-rich lithiophorite from the Precambrian Eastern Ghats manganese ore deposit of Nishikhal, south Orissa, India

Rao, D. Sreenivasa; Nayak, Bibhuranjan; Acharya, B. C.

doi:10.2478/v10002-010-0002-3

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Lithiophorite, which occurs in mudstone fissures, is commonly found in weathered zones of Mn deposits, ocean-floor manganese crust, some acid soils and low-temperature hydrothermal veins (Post & Appleman 1994;Jiang et al 2007;Rao et al 2010). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of native selenium microparticles during the oxidation of sideritic mudstones in the Veřovice Formation (Outer Western Carpathians)

Matýsek¹,

Skupien²

2015

Geologica Carpathica

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Microparticles of native selenium were detected in weathered sideritic mudstones of the Veřovice Formation (Aptian) of the Silesian Unit (Outer Western Carpatians, NE part of the Czech Republic). This mineral forms small needle-like crystals with lengths of up to 20 µm, and is confined to fissures in sideritic mudstones covered by goethite or rarely also by hydrated Mn-oxide minerals. The oxidized sideritic mudstones show zonal structure and resemble the initial stage of the formation of the so-called rattle stones. From the superposition of phase diagrams of selenium and Fe-oxyhydroxides, Fe apparently occupies a large field in which Se(0) and FeOOH and/or Fe(OH) 3 can co-exist. The reduction of selenites or selenates by pyrite or by any other phase, capable of charge transfer, is likely to have been responsible for the formation of microparticles of native selenium. The crucial factor controlling the origin of these particles is the extremely low solubility of Se(0). The source of Se is not obvious. It can be released in trace concentrations during the weathering of pyrite. Sediments of the Veřovice Formation correspond to the anoxic event OAE1b and accumulation of siderophile elements in similar sediments is very probable. A probable mechanism for the origin of Se microcrystals is gradual crystallization from solution.Key words: Western Carpathians, Lower Cretaceous, sideritic mudstones, native selenium.gin during the process of weathering. In the area of the Western Carpathians there is only one reference to the occurrence of microparticles of selenium sitting on a crystal of pyrite (Szełęg et al. 2013). Here selenium forms needle-like crystals with a maximum length of 30 µm growing together with barite on a (001) crystal plane of partly oxidized pyrite about 4 mm in size. This occurrence comes from low-temperature hydrothermal veins of the Godula Formation of the Silesian Unit (Senonian). The aim of the paper is to document two new occurrences of native selenium in sideritic mudstones of the Veřovice Formation, Outer Western Carpathians and to discuss their origin. Methods of investigationThe crystals of selenium were identified during a brief study of the products of weathering of sideritic mudstones using electron microscopy and energy dispersive microanalysis carried out on untreated flat samples. The nature of the crystals does not allow preparation of polished thin sections or their metal coating using the sputtering process in a plasma environment. It was also found that, when carrying out electron probe microanalyses, some damage to analysed grains may occur including their burning through, which leads during the analysis to a gradual increase in the content of elements originating from the substrate, which may not be present in the analysed grains. These mainly include the contents of oxygen and iron and/or manganese. A typical EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) spectrum of selenium particles is shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, the only available solution is to minimize the time needed ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of native selenium microparticles during the oxidation of sideritic mudstones in the Veřovice Formation (Outer Western Carpathians)

Matýsek¹,

Skupien²

2015

Geologica Carpathica

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“…In Loma Caribe and Loma de Hierro, lithiophorite and lithiophorite-asbolane intermediates were the most common minerals observed. Most researchers consider that these minerals are a weathering product of previous Mn-oxide minerals [15,56,67,68], but in other cases there is no direct evidence of a primary mineral [57]. In Loma Caribe and Loma de Hierro, Mn-bearing mineral textures did not indicate alteration from previous bearing minerals, so lithiophorite precipitation from soil solution cannot be discarded [56].…”

Section: Formation Of Co-mn Bearing Minerals In Laterite Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co–Mn Mineralisations in the Ni Laterite Deposits of Loma Caribe (Dominican Republic) and Loma de Hierro (Venezuela)

Domènech

Villanova-de-Benavent

Proenza

et al. 2022

Minerals

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Cobalt demand is increasing due to its key role in the transition to clean energies. Although the main Co ores are the sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Co is also a by-product of Ni–Co laterite deposits, where Co extraction efficiency depends, among other factors, on the correct identification of Co-bearing minerals. In this paper, we reported a detailed study of the Co mineralisation in the Ni–Co laterite profiles of Loma Caribe (Dominican Republic) and Loma de Hierro (Venezuela). Cobalt is mainly associated with Mn-oxyhydroxide minerals, with a composition between Ni asbolane and lithiophorite, although a Co association with phyllosilicates has also been recorded in a Loma de Hierro deposit. In Loma Caribe, Co-bearing Mn-oxyhydroxide minerals mainly developed colloform aggregates, and globular to spherulitic grains, while in Loma de Hierro, they displayed banded colloform, fibrous or tabular textures. Most of the compositional analyses of Mn-oxyhydroxides yielded 20 and 40 wt.% Mn, with Ni and Co up to 16 and 10 wt.%, respectively. In both profiles, Mn-bearing minerals were mainly found in the transition from the oxide horizon to the saprolite, as observed in other laterite profiles in the world, where the precipitation of Mn-bearing minerals is enhanced because of the pore solution saturation and pH increase.

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“…Both lithiophorite and coronadite group minerals are abundant in weathered manganiferous rocks and manganese ores from all over the world. Some examples include the Postmasburg Mn deposit in South Africa (De Villiers, 1945;Gutzmer and Beukes, 1996); the Pilbara Manganese Province, Australia (Jones, 2017;Ostwald, 1984); the Nkamouna laterite, SE Cameroon (Dzemua et al, 2013); Eastern Ghats Mn deposit, India (Rao et al, 2010); and Ni-laterites of New Caledonia, France (Manceau et al, 1987). Vein-hosted oxyhydroxide mineralization of hydrothermal origin containing both lithiophorite and coronadite group minerals, on the other hand, is rather rare (Nicholson, 1992).…”

Section: Lithiophorite and Coronadite Group Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Li-Co–Ni-Mn-(REE) veins of the Western Erzgebirge, Germany—a potential source of battery raw materials

et al. 2021

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Situated in the western Erzgebirge metallogenetic province (Vogtland, Germany), the Eichigt prospect is associated with several quartz-Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxide veins that are exposed at surface. Bulk-rock geochemical assays of vein material yield high concentrations of Li (0.6–4.1 kg/t), Co (0.6–14.7 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–2.8 kg/t), as well as significant quantities of Mn, Cu, and light rare earth elements, a very unusual metal tenor closely resembling the mixture of raw materials needed for Li-ion battery production. This study reports on the results of a first detailed investigation of this rather unique polymetallic mineralization style, including detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies complemented by bulk rock geochemistry, electron microprobe analyses, and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The mineralized material comprises an oxide assemblage of goethite hematite, hollandite, and lithiophorite that together cement angular fragments of vein quartz. Lithiophorite is the predominant host of Li (3.6–11.1 kg/t), Co (2.5–54.5 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–8.9 kg/t); Cu is contained in similar amounts in hollandite and lithiophorite whereas light rare earth elements (LREE) are mainly hosted in microcrystalline rhabdophane and florencite, which are finely intergrown with the Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxides. 40Ar/39Ar ages (~ 40–34 Ma) of coronadite group minerals coincide with tectonic activity related to the Cenozoic Eger Graben rifting. A low-temperature hydrothermal overprint of pre-existing base metal sulfide-quartz mineralization on fault structures that were reactivated during continental rifting is proposed as the most likely origin of the polymetallic oxyhydroxide mineralization at Eichigt. However, tectonically enhanced deep-reaching fracture-controlled supergene weathering cannot be completely ruled out as the origin of the mineralization.

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Cobalt-rich lithiophorite from the Precambrian Eastern Ghats manganese ore deposit of Nishikhal, south Orissa, India

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

The origin of native selenium microparticles during the oxidation of sideritic mudstones in the Veřovice Formation (Outer Western Carpathians)

The origin of native selenium microparticles during the oxidation of sideritic mudstones in the Veřovice Formation (Outer Western Carpathians)

Co–Mn Mineralisations in the Ni Laterite Deposits of Loma Caribe (Dominican Republic) and Loma de Hierro (Venezuela)

Li-Co–Ni-Mn-(REE) veins of the Western Erzgebirge, Germany—a potential source of battery raw materials

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