Cobalt poisoning in a 6-year-old

Mucklow, E. S.; Griffin, Susan; Delves, H. T.; Suchak, B.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91053-d

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…One patient died three months after completing a course of Co 2+ therapy. [44] Jacobziner and Raybin [45] have described a worse case: A 19-month-old boy died about seven hours after he had swallowed a mouthful (~30 ml) of CoCl 2 solution. At post-mortem the myocardial cobalt concentration was 1.65 μg/g, some 25-80 times higher than in control samples.…”

Section: Uptake and Excretion Of Inorganic Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42,43] ingestion and 0.09 μmol/L one month later. [44] Jacobziner and Raybin [45] have described a worse case: A 19-month-old boy died about seven hours after he had swallowed a mouthful (~30 ml) of CoCl 2 solution. The autopsy revealed a necrotic gastric mucosa; liver, kidney and spleen were overloaded with cobalt.…”

Section: Uptake and Excretion Of Inorganic Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intolerability of cobalt salt as erythropoietic agent

Ebert¹,

Jelkmann²

2013

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Unfair athletes seek ways to stimulate erythropoiesis, because the mass of haemoglobin is a critical factor in aerobic sports. Here, the potential misuse of cobalt deserves special attention. Cobalt ions (Co(2+) ) stabilize the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) that increase the expression of the erythropoietin (Epo) gene. Co(2+) is orally active, easy to obtain, and inexpensive. However, its intake can bear risks to health. To elaborate this issue, a review of the pertinent literature was retrieved by a search with the keywords 'anaemia', 'cobalt', 'cobalt chloride', 'erythropoiesis', 'erythropoietin', 'Epo', 'side-effects' and 'treatment', amongst others. In earlier years, cobalt chloride was administered at daily doses of 25 to 300 mg for use as an anti-anaemic agent. Co(2+) therapy proved effective in stimulating erythropoiesis in both non-renal and renal anaemia, yet there were also serious medical adverse effects. The intake of inorganic cobalt can cause severe organ damage, concerning primarily the gastrointestinal tract, the thyroid, the heart and the sensory systems. These insights should keep athletes off taking Co(2+) to stimulate erythropoiesis.

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Section: Uptake and Excretion Of Inorganic Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uptake and Excretion Of Inorganic Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intolerability of cobalt salt as erythropoietic agent

Ebert¹,

Jelkmann²

2013

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…However, gastrointestinal sensations are likely after substantial ingestions (>100 mg) [10]. Mucklow et al [44] reported on a 6 year-old boy who developed abdominal pain and vomited after taking a drink containing 2.5 g cobalt chloride. The cobalt concentration in his blood plasma was 7.23 µmol/L (normal value <0.02 µmol/L) seven hours post ingestion and 0.09 µmol/L one month later [44].…”

Section: Therapeutic Use Of Co 2+ and Tolerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Disparate Roles of Cobalt in Erythropoiesis, and Doping Relevance

Jelkmann

2012

Open J. Hematol.

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Some athletes seek to increase their red blood cells, because the aerobic capacity correlates with the mass of hemoglobin. Cobalt as part of dietary supplements is proclaimed to increase erythropoiesis and physical performance. However, the knowledge of the disparate mechanisms of cobalt´s actions in erythropoiesis is generally insufficient. First, there are cobalt-containing corrinoids, termed cobalamin or vitamin B 12. These are naturally present only in animal-derived foods. The active forms in the human body are methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin, which are essential cofactors for the methionine synthase and the L-methylmalonylcoenzyme A mutase. Cobalamin deficiency can result in anemia. However, supplemental cobalamin does not benefit performance unless a nutritional deficit is present. Second, inorganic cobalt ions (Co 2+) stimulate erythropoiesis, even in non-anemic subjects. Co 2+ stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) which increase the expression of the erythropoietin gene (EPO). Cobaltous salts are orally active, easy to obtain and inexpensive. Typical side effects associated with chronic Co 2+ exposure include nausea, vomiting, heart failure, hypothyroidism and goiter. The potential misuse of inorganic cobalt deserves attention in anti-doping efforts.

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“…The source (Table 3) was a chemistry set in eight (57%) 1 , crystal growing set in three (21.4%), microscope set in two (14.3.%) and stink bomb in one (7.2%). In six, this was a solution (Table 4), in three a mixture of chemicals and powder, in one crystals and in four was unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following experience of a case of cobalt chloride ingestion from a crystal‐growing set in a 6‐year‐old boy, 1 a study of chemistry set poisoning (CSP) was undertaken, because it was thought CSP could be a significant public health concern. The object of the survey was to determine, first, the incidence and source of poisoning due to exposure to toxic chemicals intended to be handled by children, and, second, whether the packaging, easy access, or other risk factors contributed to the poisoning.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemistry Set Poisoning

Mucklow

1997

Int J Clinical Practice

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SUMMARYA prospective survey of chemistry set poisoning (CSP) was undertaken using the monthly postal enquiry report system of the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU). Fourteen cases were reported, with one fatality and uneventful full recovery in the other 13. The packaging of the chemicals was unsatisfactory in all cases: it was not child resistant and had no proper closures. Risk factors were lack of supervision 64.3%, emotional factors 28.6%, genuine accident 7% and unidentified 7%. An additional retrospective survey of CSP reported to the National Poisons Information Service centres over the same period added a further 19 cases of CSP, making a total of 33 cases, 14 (42%) being due to copper sulphate and four (12%) to cobalt chloride, respectively. This survey showed CSP to be a significant problem, with an incidence of 0.3 cases per 100,000 children. Six recommendations were made concerning child‐resistant containers, toxic hazard warnings, size and content of the lettering, health education programmes targeted at the most vulnerable groups, and lastly, a legal restriction on the chemicals that can be included in these sets, so that the most toxic are excluded.

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Cobalt poisoning in a 6-year-old

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Intolerability of cobalt salt as erythropoietic agent

Intolerability of cobalt salt as erythropoietic agent

The Disparate Roles of Cobalt in Erythropoiesis, and Doping Relevance

Chemistry Set Poisoning

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