Cobalt, nickel and chromium release from dental tools and alloys

Kettelarij, Jolinde; Lidén, Carola; Axén, Emmy; Julander, Anneli

doi:10.1111/cod.12111

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…This shows that working with CoCr alloys was a main source of skin exposure to these metals, under the conditions in this study. Ni was found on the skin of all participants after 2 h without hand washing and at the end of the work day, suggesting that Ni exposure might be related to Ni‐releasing tools and materials . The metal skin doses of Co, Cr and Ni in the 13 dental technicians were slightly lower than for metal workers in a previous study .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

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Snapshot of cobalt, chromium and nickel exposure in dental technicians

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Today, dental technicians in Sweden often work with alloys and tools that release Co, Cr, and Ni . CoCr alloys were introduced in dentistry in the United States in the 1920s.…”

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confidence: 99%

Snapshot of cobalt, chromium and nickel exposure in dental technicians

et al. 2016

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“…In accordance with this, nickel skin levels capable of eliciting allergic nickel dermatitis have been found on the hands following the performance of normal work tasks in individuals from several of these occupations . A great variety of occupational nickel exposures have been found, including from coolants and cutting fluids, work tools, keys, electrical components, coins, sewing needles, dental tools and alloys, crochet hooks, dermatoscopes, guitar strings, and computers . The relevance of nickel as an occupational allergen may, in some cases, be difficult to elucidate, because of simultaneous irritant exposure, or because of many short but repeated nickel exposures, possibly from various sources.…”

Section: Sources Of Nickel Exposurementioning

confidence: 79%

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

et al. 2019

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Nickel is the most frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide and has been studied extensively. This clinical review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, exposure sources, methods for exposure quantification, skin deposition and penetration, immunology, diagnosis, thresholds for sensitization and elicitation, clinical pictures, prevention, and treatment. The implementation of a nickel regulation in Europe led to a decrease in the prevalence of nickel allergy, and changes in the clinical picture and disease severity. Nevertheless, the prevalences of nickel allergy in the European general population are approximately 8% to 19% in adults and 8% to 10% in children and adolescents, with a strong female predominance. Well‐known consumer items such as jewellery and metal in clothing are still the main causes of nickel allergy and dermatitis, although a wide range of items for both private and occupational use may cause dermatitis. Allergic nickel dermatitis may be localized to the nickel exposure site, be more widespread, or present as hand eczema. Today, efficient methods for exposure quantification exist, and new insights regarding associated risk factors and immunological mechanisms underlying the disease have been obtained. Nevertheless, questions remain in relation to the pathogenesis, the persistent high prevalence, and the treatment of severe cases.

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“…The hard metal industry is believed to represent the main source of occupational cobalt exposure, particularly in the EU and North America, as almost 15% of the worldwide production of cobalt is used for hard metal production . Dental tools and alloys have also been reported to contain and release high levels of cobalt . Consumer exposure sources have also been described, including jewellery and, recently, leather items .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causative exposures and temporal development of cobalt allergy in Denmark between 2002 and 2017

et al. 2019

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Background Cobalt contact allergy is common, but clinical relevance is often difficult to determine. Objectives To examine the aetiology, prevalence and clinical characteristics of cobalt‐allergic patients who were patch tested between 2002 and 2017 at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev‐Gentofte Hospital. Methods Patch test data, along with patient characteristics and causative exposures, from all adult dermatitis patients seen and tested between 2002 and 2017 were analysed. Associations were tested with the χ 2 test and logistic regression. Results A total of 13 475 adults aged 18 to 99 years were patch tested. The overall prevalence of cobalt allergy and the prevalence of isolated cobalt allergy were 3.3% and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalence of isolated cobalt allergy decreased from 2.4% in 2006 to 2009 to 1.1% in 2014 to 2017 (Ptrend = 0.00003). Leather exposure as a relevant cause of allergic cobalt dermatitis increased from 3.7% in 2002 to 2009 to 8.3% in 2010 to 2017 (P = 0.04). The current clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions, that is, a positive reaction to cobalt combined with a history of current skin exposure to a source of cobalt, was 20.1%. Conclusions We conclude that cobalt allergy is relatively common, but causative exposures are largely unknown, and the proportion of positive patch test reactions with clinical relevance is low. It is therefore currently unclear how we can better protect consumers and workers from cobalt exposure.

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Cobalt, nickel and chromium release from dental tools and alloys

Abstract: Sensitizing metals are released from tools and alloys used by dental technicians. This may cause contact allergy and hand eczema.

Cited by 65 publications

References 33 publications

Snapshot of cobalt, chromium and nickel exposure in dental technicians

Snapshot of cobalt, chromium and nickel exposure in dental technicians

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

Causative exposures and temporal development of cobalt allergy in Denmark between 2002 and 2017

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