Cobalt distribution and enrichment in skarn iron deposits: A case study of the Zhuchong skarn iron deposit, Eastern China

Liang, Xian; Wang, Fang-Yue; Zhang, Long; Zhang, Jun-Wu; Wei, Chang-Shuai; Fan, Yu; Guo, Xian-Zheng; Zhou, Tao-Fa; Zhang, Ju-quan; Lü, Qing-Tian

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105778

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…It is known that skarn-type iron deposits are closely associated with intermediateto-acidic igneous rocks. The intrusion of the intermediate-acid magma into carbonate rocks generates hydrothermal fluids that facilitate migration, enrichment, and precipitation processes associated with iron deposition [51]. In this study, the genesis of magnetite and petrography proved that hydrothermal fluid played a role in the formation of iron ore. Based on the rock assemblages in the studied iron ore, the granodiorite may be the sole potential source of hydrothermal fluid.…”

Section: The Possible Origin Of the Hydrothermal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 62%

Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagn, Western China

Chen,

Cao,

Liu

et al. 2024

Minerals

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The Kaladawan iron deposit is located in the North Altyn Tagh and exhibits occurrences of iron ore bodies at the contact zone between Ordovician magmatic rocks (basalts, rhyolite, and granodiorite) and marble. However, controversy persists regarding the genetic classification and metallogenic mechanism of this deposit. Through a field investigation, single mineral in situ geochemical analysis, whole-rock geochemical analysis, and Fe isotope determination, the following conclusions are made: (1) Ti-(Ni/Cr) and (V/Ti)-Fe diagrams indicate that the magnetite from all studied rocks underwent hydrothermal metasomatism, while (Ni/(Cr + Mn))-(Ti + V) and (Ca + Al + Mn)-(Ti + V) diagrams suggest a skarn origin for these magnetites. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Kaladawan iron deposit is skarn-type. (2) The iron ore exhibits similar rare-earth-element characteristics to the altered basalt. Additionally, the altered basalts (δ56Fe = 0.024~0.100‰) are more enriched in light Fe isotopes than the unaltered basalts (δ56Fe = 0.129~0.197‰) at the same location, indicating that the ore-forming materials of the Kaladawan iron ore are mainly derived from basaltic rocks. (3) According to the law of mass conservation and the intermediate Fe isotopic composition of the iron ore between the granodiorite and basalt, the hydrothermal fluid for the formation of iron ores was inferred to be derived from the late intrusive granodiorite.

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Section: The Possible Origin Of the Hydrothermal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 62%

Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagn, Western China

Chen,

Cao,

Liu

et al. 2024

Minerals

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“…In the past two years, the global cobalt supply has been affected by the impact of the covid19, leading to increased instability. As a result, the cobalt industry has maintained low inventory in the short term to balance supply and demand, while long-term supply continues to rely on the commissioning of new mining projects 16 . Despite the current global emphasis on "cobalt-free" alternatives, the limited substitutability of cobalt resources has led to an expansion in global total consumption demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and impact factors of international competitiveness of China’s cobalt industry from the perspective of trade networks

Xu,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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In recent years, with the development of the new energy industry, the demand for cobalt as a raw material for power batteries has been increasing. However, China itself has a shortage of cobalt resources. Therefore, overcoming poor resource conditions and enhancing the international competitiveness of the cobalt industry have become urgent issues. This paper is based on global trade data on cobalt resources from 2007 to 2020. A panel regression model is constructed from the perspective of trade networks, and Entropy-Topsis is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of critical nonferrous metals. This study empirically examines the impact of the trade network characteristics of cobalt resources on international competitiveness, assigns practical significance to trade network characteristic indicators, and analyses the overall competitiveness changes in the global cobalt industry chain and its upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. The research findings reveal the following key points: (1) In recent years, the competitive focus of the cobalt industry chain in various countries has shifted from upstream and midstream to midstream and downstream, with increasingly fierce trade competition downstream, gradually tilting toward countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. (2) Cobalt trade competition, which was initially characterized by competition among multiple countries, has gradually become more centralized and stable, with differences in the competitiveness of various countries occurring at different stages of the cobalt industry chain. (3) Network centrality and network heterogeneity both have a significant promoting effect on the international competitiveness of the industry, while network connectivity has a significant inhibitory effect on the improvement of international competitiveness.On this basis, the study also suggests some policy implications. The purpose of the study is to enhance the international competitiveness of China's cobalt industry from a trade perspective and to investigate the developments of cobalt trade between China and the rest of the world.

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Occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in pyrite from the Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit using laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry elemental mapping, Taihang Mountain, China

Qin,

Zhang,

Alam

et al. 2024

Geological Journal

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Cobalt is a critical and strategic metal mainly found as associated element in several types of deposits, of which skarn‐type deposits are the major sources. Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit, having high grade iron ore and associated cobalt, is a typical skarn‐type iron ore in China. But the complete recovery and exploitation of cobalt are restricted because of the lower grade of related cobalt and the dearth of prior research on its occurrence condition and enrichment mechanism. In this paper, pyrite from five typical ore deposits in the Han‐Xing area was studied by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) techniques to decipher the occurrence state and enrichment mechanism of associated cobalt in skarn‐type iron deposits. The results show that Co2+ replaces Fe2+ in pyrite through isomorphism. The distribution of cobalt in pyrite from different deposits varies greatly, that is, in the Xishimen iron deposit, the cobalt content is comparatively enriched in the pyrite's core. In contrast, in other deposits, the cobalt content is concentrated in the pyrite's rims, where it can be up to 1000 times higher than in the core. The cobalt mineralization in Han‐Xing area can be divided into several stages. The sulphur element of sulphide is mainly derived from evaporite, while cobalt mineralization occurred in the early stage with pyrite formation or in the late stage by metasomatism/cementation of Co‐rich ore‐forming fluid. The magma assimilated with the Ordovician evaporite not only promoted iron mineralization, but also became the main controlling factor for cobalt enrichment.

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Cobalt distribution and enrichment in skarn iron deposits: A case study of the Zhuchong skarn iron deposit, Eastern China

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagn, Western China

Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagn, Western China

Evaluation and impact factors of international competitiveness of China’s cobalt industry from the perspective of trade networks

Occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in pyrite from the Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit using laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry elemental mapping, Taihang Mountain, China

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