Cobalt

Roberts, Stephen; Gunn, Gus

doi:10.1002/9781118755341.ch6

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Cobalt content in the crust of the earth ranges from 15 to 30 mg/kg (Roberts and Gunn, 2014 ). Co in soils is closely related to the weathering of parental minerals, such as cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite (Bakkaus et al, 2005 ) as well as Co pollution (Mahey et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Cobalt Improves the Growth Of Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt: An Essential Micronutrient for Plant Growth?

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cobalt is a transition metal located in the fourth row of the periodic table and is a neighbor of iron and nickel. It has been considered an essential element for prokaryotes, human beings, and other mammals, but its essentiality for plants remains obscure. In this article, we proposed that cobalt (Co) is a potentially essential micronutrient of plants. Co is essential for the growth of many lower plants, such as marine algal species including diatoms, chrysophytes, and dinoflagellates, as well as for higher plants in the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. The essentiality to leguminous plants is attributed to its role in nitrogen (N) fixation by symbiotic microbes, primarily rhizobia. Co is an integral component of cobalamin or vitamin B12, which is required by several enzymes involved in N2 fixation. In addition to symbiosis, a group of N2 fixing bacteria known as diazotrophs is able to situate in plant tissue as endophytes or closely associated with roots of plants including economically important crops, such as barley, corn, rice, sugarcane, and wheat. Their action in N2 fixation provides crops with the macronutrient of N. Co is a component of several enzymes and proteins, participating in plant metabolism. Plants may exhibit Co deficiency if there is a severe limitation in Co supply. Conversely, Co is toxic to plants at higher concentrations. High levels of Co result in pale-colored leaves, discolored veins, and the loss of leaves and can also cause iron deficiency in plants. It is anticipated that with the advance of omics, Co as a constitute of enzymes and proteins and its specific role in plant metabolism will be exclusively revealed. The confirmation of Co as an essential micronutrient will enrich our understanding of plant mineral nutrition and improve our practice in crop production.

show abstract

Section: Cobalt Improves the Growth Of Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt: An Essential Micronutrient for Plant Growth?

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Ga, Ge, and In are all by-products of Zn smelting (Schwarz-Schampera 2014;Paradis 2015), and rhenium (Re) is recovered from molybdenite concentrates produced from porphyry Cu-Mo type deposits (Millensifer et al 2014). Cobalt has diverse associations as a coproduct from the Katanga Copperbelt Cu ores (central Africa) and is present in many magmatic Ni and Cu deposits, and in Ni-Co laterites (Roberts and Gunn 2014).…”

Section: Industry's Ability To Ensure Availability Of Critical Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Geology Models 5. Specialty, Critical, Battery, Magnet and Photovoltaic Materials: Market Facts, Projections and Implications for Exploration and Development

Simandl¹,

Simandl

Paradis

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many exploration companies are now focusing on specialty materials that are associated with so-called ‘green technology’. These include ‘battery materials’, ‘magnet materials’ and ‘photovoltaic materials’, and many such commodities are also broadly labelled as ‘critical materials’ because they are seen as vital for industrial development, societal needs or national security. The definitions used for such materials are not always consistent among jurisdictions or across industry, and this paper attempts to clarify the criteria and address some common misconceptions. The distinction between major minerals (e.g. base metals) and ‘specialty materials’ (i.e. those mined or produced in much smaller amounts) is particularly important. The markets for many specialty materials are growing faster than those for traditional ferrous, precious and base metals and they are often portrayed as excellent long-term investment opportunities. However, the small market bases for specialty materials and considerable uncertainty around growth projections (especially related to material substitutions and rapid technological change) need to be taken into consideration for objective assessment of the development potential of any proposed project, establishment of new supply chains by major corporations, and responsible decision-making (mineral policy) by government. In the short-term, projects aimed at specialty materials (materials with a small market base) cannot benefit from economy of scale, and their development hinges on commercially proven metallurgical processes, unless they are supported by governments or end-users. Several specialty metals (e.g. germanium, indium, cadmium, and cobalt) are commonly obtained as by-product of base metal extraction. In such cases, systematic testing of base metal ores for their specialty metal content may justify the addition of relevant recovery circuits to existing smelters. If positive results are obtained, the need for targeting new sources of such specialty metals as primary exploration targets may be reduced or eliminated. Where market conditions permit and concerns about the future availability of materials seem reliable, grass-roots exploration for specialty materials is warranted, and pre-competitive government involvement may be justified to promote such development efforts.

show abstract

“…The global demand for cobalt has greatly accelerated over the past 30 years, reflecting its increased use as an essential constituent of high technology materials, such as rechargeable batteries, superalloys and catalysts. Cobalt occurs in similar abundance to many other base metals such as copper and zinc in the earth's crust, though rarely in concentrations and amounts that have made it economically viable to be mined as a primary resource (Roberts and Gunn, 2014). In 2011, the European Union identified cobalt as a critical raw material, being fundamental to industry and essential for enabling technological development, and requiring reliable and sustainable supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Democratic Republic of Congo is the world's leading source of mined cobalt, accounting for approximately 70% of global cobalt production, and China is the world's leading consumer, with over 80% being used to produce rechargeable batteries (US Geological Survey, 2020). With the exception of the Bou Azzer cobalt mine in Morocco, cobalt is obtained as a secondary product of copper and nickel (from sulfide ores) and nickel (from lateritic ores) production (Roberts and Gunn, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur-enhanced reductive bioprocessing of cobalt-bearing materials for base metals recovery

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The abundance of limonitic laterite ores in tropical and sub-tropical areas represents a large, and mostly unexploited, cobalt resource. Bioprocessing oxidised ores, and also waste materials such as tailings and processing residues, using acidophilic microorganisms to catalyse the reductive dissolution of iron and manganese minerals, is an environmentally benign alternative approach of extracting valuable base metals associated with these deposits. This work describes results from laboratory-scale experiments in which five cobaltbearing materials, three primary limonitic laterite ores and two processing residues (filter dust and slag), all sourced from mines and a processing plant in Greece, were bioleached under reducing conditions by a consortium of acidophilic bacteria (using elemental sulfur as electron donor) in stirred tank bioreactors at pH 1.5 and 35ºC. Whilst the target metal, cobalt, was successfully bioleached from all five materials (40 -50% within 30 days) the extraction of some other metals was more variable (e.g. between 2 and 48% of iron). Concentrations of soluble cobalt were highly correlated, in most cases, with those of manganese, correlating with the finding that cobalt was primarily deported in manganese (IV) minerals. Acid consumption also differed greatly between mineral samples, ranging between 3 and 67 moles H 2 SO 4 g -1 cobalt extracted. Comprehensive mineralogical analysis of the three limonitic samples before and after bioprocessing revealed significant variations between the ores, and demonstrated that elemental and mineralogical variabilities can greatly impact their amenability for reductive bioleaching.

show abstract

Cobalt

Cited by 32 publications

References 33 publications

Cobalt: An Essential Micronutrient for Plant Growth?

Cobalt: An Essential Micronutrient for Plant Growth?

Economic Geology Models 5. Specialty, Critical, Battery, Magnet and Photovoltaic Materials: Market Facts, Projections and Implications for Exploration and Development

Sulfur-enhanced reductive bioprocessing of cobalt-bearing materials for base metals recovery

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About