Electrospun nanofiber materials have the advantages of good continuity, large specific surface areas, and high structural tunability, which provide many desirable characteristics for lithium‐ion battery electrodes. Here, the principles and advantages of electrospinning technology are first elaborated, then the previous studies on high‐performance nanofibrous electrode materials prepared by electrospinning technology are comprehensively summarized, and the correlation between 1D nanostructured materials and electrode performances is discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges of nanofibrous electrodes are proposed and some future study directions of this particular area are pointed out. This review provides new enlightenment for the design of nanofibrous electrodes toward high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.