“…Hydrogels with 3-dimensional (3D) polymeric networks are a common formulation with wide applications due to their properties such as soft texture, shape preservation, and high water-absorbing capacity. Since the catechol group is highly adhesive to biological tissues, hydrogels prepared from catechol-functionalized materials are medically useful [17] for biological tissue adhesion [18,19,20], sustained drug release [21,22,23,24], coatings for biological and clinical devices [25,26,27,28,29], and tissue engineering [30,31,32,33].…”