Coastal Cave and Karst Resource Management

Lace, Michael J.; Mylroie, John E.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_6

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Telogenetic coastal karst aquifers exist, such as Gotland Island off the coast of Sweden or much of the coast of the Adriatic Sea (e.g., [4,5]). World wide, carbonate coasts, most common in tropical and subtropical latitudes, tend to be young and eogenetic in character, reflecting their recent origin in an active carbonate depositional environment (e.g., [6]). The Bahamian Archipelago represents Mid to Late Quaternary eogenetic carbonate islands in a non-tectonic environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffuse Versus Conduit Flow in Coastal Karst Aquifers: The Consequences of Island Area and Perimeter Relationships

Larson

Mylroie

2018

Geosciences

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Abstract:The majority of limestone islands are made of eogenetic carbonate rock, with intrinsic high porosity and permeability. The freshwater lenses of small islands are dominated by diffuse flow regimes as the island perimeter is everywhere close to the meteoric catchment of the island interior. This flow regime produces flank margin caves at the lens margin, where dissolution is enhanced by mixing corrosion, superposition of organic decay horizons and higher flow velocities as the lens thins. The lens interior develops touching-vug flow systems that result in enhanced permeability and lens thinning over time. As islands become larger, the area (meteoric catchment) goes up by the square, but the island perimeter (discharge zone) goes up linearly; diffuse flow becomes inefficient; conduit flow develops to produce traditional epigenic cave systems that discharge the freshwater lens by specific turbulent flow routes, which in turn are fed by diffuse flow in the island interior. Locally, diffuse flow to the island perimeter continues in coastal proximal areas between major conduit flow routes to produce flank margin caves. The Bahamian Archipelago represents a case history in which tectonics is limited, the rocks are entirely eogenetic and the diffuse to conduit flow transition is demonstrated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffuse Versus Conduit Flow in Coastal Karst Aquifers: The Consequences of Island Area and Perimeter Relationships

Larson

Mylroie

2018

Geosciences

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“…Additionally, Smart et al [46] reported that eogenetic karstification resulted from large-area exposure soon after the formation of a large-scale carbonate platform in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, where cross-linked anastomosing cave systems were also found. The study found that the mixed-water dissolution in the seawater-freshwater mixing zone resulted in the formation of eogenetic karst caves [39]. The Yucatan Peninsula study of Lace and Mylroie [39] provided a reference model for studying karst cave genesis formed during short-term exposure.…”

Section: Comparison Between the Yingshan Formation Karst Characteristmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study found that the mixed-water dissolution in the seawater-freshwater mixing zone resulted in the formation of eogenetic karst caves [39]. The Yucatan Peninsula study of Lace and Mylroie [39] provided a reference model for studying karst cave genesis formed during short-term exposure. Some scholars have used this pore development model of karst formation for reference when studying the formation of paleokarst pores-caves using outcrop investigation, core, seismic attribute, and other methods [16,47,48].…”

Section: Comparison Between the Yingshan Formation Karst Characteristmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These patterns are not reflected in the large areal distribution of pores and caves in the Tazhong area. Additionally, modern island karsts have small catchment areas, differing greatly from the exposed karsts in medium-large-sized carbonate platforms, and are more similar to the exposed platform karsts found in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico [39].…”

Section: Comparison Between the Yingshan Formation Karst Characteristmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, soft rock karsts with high porosity and permeability form instead [39]. Even so, large solution cavities may be developed under such conditions [40][41][42].…”

Section: Comparison Between the Yingshan Formation Karst Characteristmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eogenetic Karst Control of Carbonate Reservoirs during a Transient Exposure: A Case Study of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Northern Slope of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin contains abundant oil and gas resources in Ordovician carbonate rocks, especially in the karst pores and caves of the Yingshan Formation. Research has indicated that the Yingshan Formation underwent a 7-11 Ma exposure during the middle Caledonian Period, resulting in large-scale karst pores and caves. However, the continental freshwater karst model cannot adequately explain the origin and distribution of karst pores and caves. In order to develop a more accurate karst model to guide petroleum exploration in the region, we analyzed the karst morphology, cave development statistics, and paleokarst environments. Karst reservoir characteristics were analyzed on the basis of the following analysis: (1) Karst morphological analyses based on core description and formation micro-imager (FMI) log analyses. The results showed that alveolar-like and Swiss cheese-like solution pores, spongy dissolution zones, pit cenotes, and small continuous karst caves developed in the Yingshan Formation. (2) The statistical analysis of pore and cave characteristics indicated that most of the karst pores and caves developed within 50 m below the unconformity where the average height of these features ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 m and their widths ranged up to 100 m. These pores and caves were commonly filled with gravel, clay, and calcite. Horizontal well and seismic attribute analysis indicated that these pores and caves were distributed over a large area. In plain view, the karst pore-cave system is comprised of cross-linked anastomosing networks of horizontal cave passages. And (3) Cathode luminescence and electron microprobe analyses suggested that clay filling within karst caves was freshwater related, while calcite filling was of seawater origin. Cements within solution pores showed three phases of luminescence, suggesting an alternating freshwater and seawater environment. Based on these characteristics, the karsts of the Yingshan Formation in the Tazhong area are interpreted to be similar to the eogenetic karsts in the Yucatan Peninsula of modern Mexico. Accordingly, this study indicates that the pore-caves of the Yingshan Formation can be subdivided into three sections. Further, the development and filling of these pore-cave sections are interpreted to have formed by eogenetic mixed-water karstification during three phases of relatively stable sea level in a coastal margin environment.

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The formation and evolution of Al‐rich protoliths in the southern Ribeira belt, Brazil: Insights from remnants of a Precambrian paleoweathering surface

Santos,

Fedalto,

Bahniuk

et al. 2023

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Bauxitic clays, clayey bauxites and bauxites are residual products formed from the weathering of aluminosilicate‐rich parent rocks under wet and warm conditions. These deposits show a complex interplay between remobilisation of pre‐existing kaolinitic soils and depositional micro‐environments.In the southern Ribeira belt, Brazil, a paleoweathering surface developed on the continental shelf of the Capiru Group passive margin strata and on its basement/source rocks. This weathering cycle gave rise to a paleosol profile on the continental domain and a karstic paleotopography on the emerged carbonate shelf. The surface and karstic nets were later caped and filled with Al‐rich materials, typical of remobilised soils, bauxitic clays, clayey bauxites and pods of karst‐type bauxites.The age of the disconformity is Pre‐Brazilian/Pan‐African, implying a Neoproterozoic age for the weathering surface. In this study, we investigate the relationship among disconformities, paleosols and karst topography to better understand the stratigraphic control, chemical composition and mineralogy of the Al‐rich materials. We interpret this horizon as the remnants of a (meta‐)paleoweathering surface that can serve as a valuable key bed for stratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic reconstructions.We propose that the triggering process for the genesis of the paleosol profiles, bauxitic material and bauxite pods was a coupled mechanism between favourable climate and uplift along the northern margin of the Curitiba–Angola craton, creating a karstic topography that allowed the down‐plain transport of Al‐rich materials. In a later stage, these deposits were metamorphosed, developing a series of Al silicates in unusual paragenesis, typical of Al‐rich protoliths.The presence of these paragenesis, along with the recognition of the disconformity–paleoweathering surface pair, could be a useful tool to understand the paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic evolution of highly deformed terrains.

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Coastal Cave and Karst Resource Management

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Diffuse Versus Conduit Flow in Coastal Karst Aquifers: The Consequences of Island Area and Perimeter Relationships

Diffuse Versus Conduit Flow in Coastal Karst Aquifers: The Consequences of Island Area and Perimeter Relationships

Eogenetic Karst Control of Carbonate Reservoirs during a Transient Exposure: A Case Study of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Northern Slope of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China

The formation and evolution of Al‐rich protoliths in the southern Ribeira belt, Brazil: Insights from remnants of a Precambrian paleoweathering surface

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