“…In recent years, visual defect detection has gained significant traction across diverse domains, encompassing quality control in the production of metal products [1,2], printed materials [3], textiles [4], and the inspection of facility and equipment health, such as petrochemical pipelines [5], angle cock alignments [6], and vehicle fault detection [7,8]. When it comes to defect detection in complex systems composed of numerous components, such as railway freight, the potential categories of faults to monitor can number in the thousands.…”