Coarse Fraction Particle Matter and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Non-Asthmatic Children

Abstract

Coarse particle matter, PMcoarse, is associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between short-term changes in PMcoarse and sub-clininal airway inflammation in children. Healthy children aged 11 years from two northern Swedish elementary schools underwent fraction of exhaled nitrogen oxide (FENO) measurements to determine levels of airway inflammation twice weekly during the study period from 11 April–6 June 2011. Daily exposure to PMcoarse, PM2.5, NO2, NOx, NO and O3 and birch pollen was estimated. Multiple linear regression was used. Personal covariates were included as fixed effects and subjects were included as a random effect. In total, 95 children participated in the study, and in all 493 FENO measurements were made. The mean level of PMcoarse was 16.1 μg/m3 (range 4.1–42.3), and that of O3 was 75.0 μg/m3 (range: 51.3–106.3). That of NO2 was 17.0 μg/m3 (range: 4.7–31.3), NOx was 82.1 μg/m3 (range: 13.3–165.3), and NO was 65 μg/m3 (range: 8.7–138.4) during the study period. In multi-pollutant models an interquartile range increase in 24 h PMcoarse was associated with increases in FENO by between 6.9 ppb (95% confidence interval 0.0–14) and 7.3 ppb (95% confidence interval 0.4–14.9). PMcoarse was associated with an increase in FENO, indicating sub-clinical airway inflammation in healthy children.

The Impact of Exposure to Indoor Pollutants on Allergy and Lung Inflammation among School Children in Selangor, Malaysia: An Evaluation Using Factor Analysis

“…It could be speculated that school children with asthma and atopic condition had a high potential in elevating FeNO levels in relation to PM 10 and PM 2.5 exposure above the UCL inside their classrooms. A similar prediction was reported by Carlsen et al (2016) determined that particles represent the major contributor to elevate the FeNO levels among children. Liu et al (2015) also reported that school children who study in urban area and exposed to a high concentrations of PM 10 , SO 2 , formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed significantly increased FeNO levels in asthmatic group.…”

The Effects of Indoor Pollutants Exposure on Allergy and Lung Inflammation: An Activation State of Neutrophils and Eosinophils in Sputum

“…The result showed that there was inflammation in the airways and the average value was above the threshold of 50 ppb, which could reflect a high degree of inflammation. Liu et al [ 41 ] and Carlsen et al [ 42 ] reported that there was a significantly positive relationship between the FeNO levels and almost all pollutants, namely PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and VOCs. This advocates a relationship between the high levels of all pollutants measured inside the classroom of urban schools and the high levels of FeNO among school children in this study.…”

Recreational physical activity and the problem of particulate matter air pollution

“…Fractioned exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is considered a simple and useful biomarker of airways inflammation (14). Its increase, related to exposure to particulate matter, was observed among others in studies conducted in healthy adult volunteers (15) and in healthy school children (16). Other study, that took into consideration chemical composition of PM 2,5 , revealed that FeNO increase showed the strongest correlation with the concentration of organic and elemental carbon (organic carbon -OC, elemental carbon -EC), NO3(-), and NH4(+).…”

“…Wskaźnikiem uważanym za przydatny i prosty marker zapalenia w drogach oddechowych jest tlenek azotu w powietrzu wydychanym (FeNO) (14). Wzrost jego stężenia w odpowiedzi na narażenie na pył zawieszony wykazano między innymi w badaniach prowadzonych na zdrowych ochotnikach dorosłych (15) oraz wśród zdrowych dzieci szkolnych (16). W innym badaniu biorącym pod uwagę skład chemiczny pyłu PM 2,5 zaobserwowano, że zwiększenie FeNO najlepiej korelowało ze stężeniem węgla organicznego i elementarnego (organic carbon -OC, elemental carbon -EC), NO3(-) i NH4(+).…”