“…It allows for the upgrading of coal to produce quality liquid products by utilizing a petroleum stream as an inexpensive hydrogen-donating solvent that could be used in once-through operation, eliminating the need for solvent recycling. The status of co-processing through the late 1970s has been summarized in the useful review by Moschodepis et al Co-processing has remained a subject of active research, with investigations of, e.g., hydrogen transfer or donation, − effects of coal concentration in the system, ,,− product distributions, ,,,,, and product quality, ,,, including the effects of metals or heteroatoms ,, and the effects of reaction conditions. ,, Our work differs from the better-known co-processing in several aspects:…”