Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Bratby, John

doi:10.2166/9781780407500

Cited by 445 publications

(605 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The stages involved in this adsorption and bridging mechanism include: dispersion of the polymer in the suspension, adsorption at the solid-liquid interface followed by settling down and finally colliding of adjacent polymer-coated particles to form bridges resulting in larger flocs (Bratby 1980). The dispersion of the polymer should not be violent nor be too long to prevent desorption and/or rearrangement of looped chains on the surface of the colloid.…”

Section: Effect Of Contact Time and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the use of cactus Opuntia ficus indica in the biocoagulation–flocculation of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters

Nharingo

Zivurawa

Guyo

2015

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Coagulation-flocculation processes play an important role in the treatment of water using inorganic and synthetic materials. Presently, cactus Opuntia ficus indica is explored as a cheap, abundant and eco-friendly bioflocculant of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The cactus powder was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and the coagulation-flocculation process was optimized for pH, initial concentration of Pb(II) ions, particle size, dosage, ionic strength, contact time and temperature before its application to Mukuvisi River water. FTIR confirmed the involvement of -C-O-C-, -OH, -C=O, -N-H and -C-H groups of the polysaccharides, carboxylic acids and amino acids in the removal of Pb(II) ions. The variation of percentage removal and zeta potential with pH and flocculant dosage suggested the involvement of adsorption-charge neutralization and adsorption-bridging mechanisms in the coagulationflocculation process. The process was optimum at pH 5, natural ionic strength, dosage of 8 mg/L, corresponding to zero zeta potential, with particle size \75 lm, at 35°C for a floc settling time of 180 min. The coagulation-flocculation process was spontaneous and endothermic with a positive change in entropy of the system. Total heavy metal removal of 100 % (Pb), 85.74 % (Zn), 84.16 % (Cd) and 93.02 % (Cu) were achieved, under optimum conditions, when Opuntia ficus indica powder was used to remove metals from water sampled from Mukuvisi River, Harare, Zimbabwe. The cactus Opuntia ficus indica powder was found to be an efficient, eco-friendly flocculant that can effectively remediate Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.

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Section: Effect Of Contact Time and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the use of cactus Opuntia ficus indica in the biocoagulation–flocculation of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters

Nharingo

Zivurawa

Guyo

2015

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The basic strategy for efficiently retaining polymeric and fine particulate matter in the fiber web during the manufacturing of paper can be summarized in the two words coagulation and flocculation (Bratby 2006;Hubbe and Rojas 2008;Nawaz et al 2014). It is well known that the negative charge associated with cellulosic materials, especially the hemicellulose and extractives components, tends to favor a well-dispersed system.…”

Section: Increased Retention Of Fines and Polymeric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Hubbe

Metts

Hermosilla

et al. 2016

BioRes

182

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The pulp and paper (P&P) industry worldwide has achieved substantial progress in treating both process water and wastewater, thus limiting the discharge of pollutants to receiving waters. This review covers a variety of wastewater treatment methods, which provide P&P companies with costeffective ways to limit the release of biological or chemical oxygen demand, toxicity, solids, color, and other indicators of pollutant load. Conventional wastewater treatment systems, often comprising primary clarification followed by activated sludge processes, have been widely implemented in the P&P industry. Higher levels of pollutant removal can be achieved by supplementary treatments, which can include anaerobic biological stages, advanced oxidation processes, bioreactors, and membrane filtration technologies. Improvements in the performance of wastewater treatment operations often can be achieved by effective measurement technologies and by strategic addition of agents including coagulants, flocculants, filter aids, and optimized fungal or bacterial cultures. In addition, P&P mills can implement upstream process changes, including dissolved-air-flotation (DAF) systems, filtration save-alls, and kidney-like operations to purify process waters, thus reducing the load of pollutants and the volume of effluent being discharged to end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants. Keywords: Wastewater treatment; Pulp and paper manufacturing; Advanced oxidation; Membrane technologies; Clarification; Activated sludgeContact information: a: North Carolina State University, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 29695-8005; b: WestRock Company, Water and Waste Treatment, 600 S 8th St, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034; c: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, E-42004 Soria, Spain; d: Complutense University of Madrid, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ingn. Quim, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n,S-N, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; e: Concordia University, Dept. Bldg. Civil & Environm. Engn., 1455 Maisonneuve Blvd, West Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada; f: University of Jyväskylä, Dept. Chem., Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; g: Department of Biology, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; h: Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Aveiro & Department of Materials and Ceramics, Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; i: FPInnovations, 570 St. Jean Blvd., Pointe Claire, PQ H9R 3J9, Canada; * Corresponding author: hubbe@ncsu.edu Contents of the Article INTRODUCTIONThe pulp and paper (P&P) industry occupies a challenging position with respect to the natural environment. On the positive side, the industry is based on the usage of renewable, photosynthetic resources. On the other hand, the industry discharges huge quantities of aqueous effluents. Large volumes (up to 70 m 3 ) of wastewater ...

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“…Flocculation is the aggregation of particles while coagulation is a physico-chemical destabilization of the colloidal system (Benjamin and Lawler, 2013). In literature, the flocculation and coagulation is interchangeable, and in this review, we will use the term "flocculation and coagulation" to refer to either or both of these related processes as used in Bratby (2006). These flocculants and coagulants can be organic polymers, metal salts such as FeCl 3 , and prehydrolyzed metal salts such as polyferric sulfate (Metcalf et al, 2004;Benjamin and Lawler, 2013).…”

Section: Flocculation and Coagulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical removal from water with iron- or manganese-based technologies: A review

Liu

Sutton

Rijnaarts

et al. 2016

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Pharmaceuticals are detected at trace levels in waters. Their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health demand novel pharmaceutical removal technologies for treating wastewater effluents. Iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) may play important roles in these new technologies since these metals are abundantly available at low costs and are known to contribute to organic conversions via physico-chemical, chemical, and biologically related processes. Few reviews describe and discuss Fe-or Mn-based technologies for the purpose to remove pharmaceuticals from water. Therefore, we review the current literature sorted into the three removal mechanisms, that is., through physico-chemical, chemical, and biological processes. The principals, performance, and influential parameters of these three types of technologies are described. Current and potential applications of these technologies are critically evaluated in order to identify advantages and challenges. In addition, the Fe-or Mn-based technologies which are currently not used but promising to further develop to remove pharmaceuticals cost efficiently are proposed.

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Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Cited by 445 publications

References 108 publications

Exploring the use of cactus Opuntia ficus indica in the biocoagulation–flocculation of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters

Exploring the use of cactus Opuntia ficus indica in the biocoagulation–flocculation of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

Pharmaceutical removal from water with iron- or manganese-based technologies: A review

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