Coagulation and destruction of biological tissue by CO laser irradiation using fibre-optic cable

Abakumov, A O; Aleĭnikov, V S; Artjushenko, V. G.; Belyaev, V. P.; Butvina, Leonid N.; Bogush, L K; Vojtsekhovsky, V. V.; Devyatkov, N. D.; Dianov, E. M.; Dobkin, V. G.; Masychev, Victor I.; Prokhorov, A M; Sysoev, V. К.

doi:10.1016/0030-3992(86)90006-x

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…All in all, advantages of the CO laser with a shorter wavelength and lower absorption coefficient in contrast to the CO 2 laser could be the generation of smaller spot sizes, longer working distances, increased thermal damage zones, and more convenient implementation of fiber delivery [7,9]. However, the operation of the CO laser is currently constrained by the requirement of nitrogen gas purging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rigidity of the articulated mirror arm that is integrated into clinical CO 2 laser systems is a substantial disadvantage for surgical use. Flexible optical waveguides anticipated for the CO laser would facilitate handling [7]. Novel fiber technology for CO 2 laser achieved lower loss levels and higher damage threshold, however, the power delivery capacity is still limited to 10–20 W average power [31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patel and Kerl [6] firstly reported on laser emission of carbon monoxide (CO) in the 5,000–5,400 nm spectral range in 1964. In contrast to numerous reports on CO 2 lasers, there has been less research work done on the CO laser and its applications [7,8], probably because of unreliable CO laser technology. In the past, the CO laser power was low in output and the stability of active molecules was limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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First Assessment of a Carbon Monoxide Laser and a Thulium Fiber Laser for Fractional Ablation of Skin

Jaspan²,

Welford³

et al. 2020

Lasers Surg Med

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Background and Objectives A recent generation of 5,500 nm wavelength carbon monoxide (CO) lasers could serve as a novel tool for applications in medicine and surgery. At this wavelength, the optical penetration depth is about three times higher than that of the 10,600 nm wavelength carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. As the amount of ablation and coagulation is strongly influenced by the wavelength, we anticipated that CO lasers would provide extended coagulation zones, which could be beneficial for several medical applications, such as tissue tightening effects after laser skin resurfacing. Until now, the 1,940 nm wavelength thulium fiber (Tm:fiber) laser is primarily known as a non‐ablative laser with an optical penetration depth that is eight times higher than that of the CO2 laser. The advantage of lasers with shorter wavelengths is the ability to create smaller spot sizes, which has a determining influence on the ablation outcome. In this study, the ablation and coagulation characteristics of a novel CO laser and a high power Tm:fiber laser were investigated to evaluate their potential application for fractional ablation of the skin. Study Design/Materials and Methods Laser‐tissue exposures were performed using a novel CO laser, a modified, pulse‐width‐modulated CO2 laser, and a Tm:fiber laser. We used discarded ex vivo human skin obtained from abdominoplasty as tissue samples. Similar exposure parameters, such as spot size (108–120 μm), pulse duration (2 milliseconds), and pulse energy (~10–200 mJ) were adjusted for the different laser systems with comparable temporal pulse structures. Laser effects were quantified by histology. Results At radiant exposures 10‐fold higher than the ablation threshold, the CO laser ablation depth was almost two times deeper than that of the CO2 laser. At 40‐fold of the ablation threshold, the CO laser ablation was 47% deeper. The ablation craters produced by the CO laser exhibited about two times larger coagulation zones when compared with the CO2 laser. In contrast, the Tm:fiber laser exhibited superficial ablation craters with massive thermal damage. Conclusions The tissue ablation using the Tm:fiber laser was very superficial in contrast to the CO laser and the CO2 laser. However, higher etch depths should be obtainable when the radiant exposure is increased by using higher pulse energies and/or smaller spot sizes. At radiant exposures normalized to the ablation threshold, the CO laser was capable of generating deeper ablation craters with extended coagulation zones compared with the CO2 laser, which is possibly desirable depending on the clinical goal. The effect of deep ablation combined with additional thermal damage on dermal remodeling needs to be further confirmed with in vivo studies. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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First Assessment of a Carbon Monoxide Laser and a Thulium Fiber Laser for Fractional Ablation of Skin

Jaspan²,

Welford³

et al. 2020

Lasers Surg Med

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Lasers, Gas

Eichler

Usenov

2018

The Optics Encyclopedia

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This article reviews the characteristics of gas lasers that are important as both scientific and industrial tools. The basic principles common to the operation of all gas lasers and a few of their general properties are discussed. The lasers are categorized according to the pumping mechanisms of the upper laser level: electron impact excitation (copper and gold lasers and argon‐ and krypton‐ion lasers), excitation transfer (He–Ne laser, He–Cd laser, and CO 2 laser), reactive collision lasers (excimer lasers: ArF, KrF, XeCl, and XeF), chemical lasers (HF and iodine laser), and other lasers in the far‐infrared (IR), ultraviolet, and X‐ray regions. Selected applications of pulsed and continuous gas lasers are presented in material processing, marking and laser evaporation, microlithography, photochemical processing, stereolithography, and medicine.

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A scientific paradigm for targeted nanophotothermolysis; the potential for nanosurgery of cancer

et al. 2013

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The application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in nanophotothermolysis as a great photosensitizer is expanding, and this subject is a challenging area for cancer therapy. Recent technological advances in nanoscale manufacturing and synthesis promise the development of highly beneficial and innovative methods for the targeting of cancer. However, there is an obstacle to conducting effective laser-based nanosurgery because AuNPs are activated by visible or near infrared wavelengths, and the penetration of a laser beam inside the body is limited by some absorbents, such as melanin, water, and blood molecules. Considering everything stated above, we have suggested the application of a folate-conjugated AuNP as an effective agent for targeted nanophotothermolysis and the application of an optical fiber to transport the laser light from the source to the target tissue inside the body. Thus, a new method of nanosurgery in which a surgeon is able to perform surgery at the cellular or even at the subcellular level may be possible.

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Coagulation and destruction of biological tissue by CO laser irradiation using fibre-optic cable

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

First Assessment of a Carbon Monoxide Laser and a Thulium Fiber Laser for Fractional Ablation of Skin

First Assessment of a Carbon Monoxide Laser and a Thulium Fiber Laser for Fractional Ablation of Skin

Lasers, Gas

A scientific paradigm for targeted nanophotothermolysis; the potential for nanosurgery of cancer

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