College Board is composed of schools, colleges, school systems, and educational associations; GRE Board members are associated with graduate education. The test is now wholly owned and operated by ETS.ETS administers the TOEFL program under the general direction of a policy board that was established by, and is affiliated with, the sponsoring organizations. Members of the TOEFL Board (previously the Policy Council) represent the College Board, the GRE Board, and such institutions and agencies as graduate schools of business, 2-year colleges, and nonprofit educational exchange agencies.Since its inception in 1963, the TOEFL has evolved from a paper-based test to a computer-based test and, in 2005, to an Internet-based test, the TOEFL iBT ® test. One constant throughout this evolution has been a continuing program of research related to the TOEFL test. From 1977 to 2005, nearly 100 research reports on the early versions of TOEFL were published. In 1997, a monograph series that laid the groundwork for the development of TOEFL iBT was launched. With the release of TOEFL iBT, a TOEFL iBT report series has been introduced.Currently this research is carried out in consultation with the TOEFL Committee of Examiners (COE). Its members include representatives of the TOEFL Board and distinguished English as a second language specialists from academia. The committee advises the TOEFL program about research needs and, through the research subcommittee, solicits, reviews, and approves proposals for funding and reports for publication. Members of the TOEFL COE serve 4-year terms at the invitation of the Board; the chair of the committee serves on the Board.Current (2016-2017) As part of its educational and social mission and in fulfilling the organization's nonprofit Charter and Bylaws, ETS has and continues to learn from and to lead research that furthers educational and measurement research to advance quality and equity in education and assessment for all users of the organization's products and services.