CO2 Sensing and CO2 Regulation of Stomatal Conductance: Advances and Open Questions

Hashimoto-Sugimoto, Mimi; Negi, J. D. S.; Israelsson-Nordström, Maria; Azoulay‐Shemer, Tamar; Rappel, Wouter Jan; Iba, Koh; Schroeder, Julian I.

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.014

Cited by 225 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…2), when this compound may accumulate markedly in less than 1 d (Chaouch et al, 2012). This slow response to CO 2 may be important to prevent the inappropriate activation of defenses in current atmospheric conditions, given that leaf intercellular CO 2 concentrations can vary widely throughout the day/night cycle as the relative importance of photosynthesis and respiration changes (Engineer et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relationships of High-CO 2 -Triggered PR Responses to Stomatal Regulation, Senescence, Metabolism, and Redox Signaling Prolonged growth at high CO 2 can alter stomatal density (Eastburn et al, 2011), and it is well established that high CO 2 triggers stomatal closure in plants, including Arabidopsis (Long and Ort, 2010;Engineer et al, 2016). We examined the influence of stomatal regulation through a genetic approach.…”

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confidence: 99%

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High CO2 primes plant biotic stress defences through redox-linked pathways

Mhamdi

Noctor

2016

Plant Physiol.

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Industrial activities have caused tropospheric CO 2 concentrations to increase over the last two centuries, a trend that is predicted to continue for at least the next several decades. Here, we report that growth of plants in a CO 2 -enriched environment activates responses that are central to defense against pathogenic attack. Salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth CO 2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO 2 primes multiple defense pathways, leading to increased resistance to bacterial and fungal challenge. Analysis of gene-specific mutants provided no evidence that activation of plant defense pathways by high CO 2 was caused by stomatal closure. Rather, the activation is partly linked to metabolic effects involving redox signaling. In support of this, genetic modification of redox components (glutathione contents and NADPH-generating enzymes) prevents full priming of the salicylic acid pathway and associated resistance by high CO 2 . The data point to a particularly influential role for the nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme whose role in plants remains unclear. Our observations add new information on relationships between high CO 2 and oxidative signaling and provide novel insight into plant stress responses in conditions of increased CO 2 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High CO2 primes plant biotic stress defences through redox-linked pathways

Mhamdi

Noctor

2016

Plant Physiol.

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“…Taking these results into account, as well as the earlier characterization of the double mutant (Hu et al., 2010), a preliminary model for the control of stomatal development has been constructed and involves an extracellular signaling pathway mediated by CA (Engineer et al., 2014, Engineer et al., 2016). Not all the components or steps in the model have been identified (Engineer et al., 2014, Engineer et al., 2016); however, it has been proposed that CA activity is necessary for the increased expression of the genes encoding the epidermal patterning factor EPF2, and the CO 2 -inducible protease that cleaves it, facilitating its binding to the receptor kinase ERECTA, which has been implicated in the regulation of stomatal development (Figure 5; Shpak, 2013). …”

Section: Physiological Roles Of β Carbonic Anhydrasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Carbonic Anhydrases: Structures, Locations, Evolution, and Physiological Roles

et al. 2017

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Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3− and are ubiquitous in nature. Higher plants contain three evolutionarily distinct CA families, αCAs, βCAs, and γCAs, where each family is represented by multiple isoforms in all species. Alternative splicing of CA transcripts appears common; consequently, the number of functional CA isoforms in a species may exceed the number of genes. CAs are expressed in numerous plant tissues and in different cellular locations. The most prevalent CAs are those in the chloroplast, cytosol, and mitochondria. This diversity in location is paralleled in the many physiological and biochemical roles that CAs play in plants. In this review, the number and types of CAs in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants are considered, and the roles of the α and γCAs are briefly discussed. The remainder of the review focuses on plant βCAs and includes the identification of homologs between species using phylogenetic approaches, a consideration of the inter- and intracellular localization of the proteins, along with the evidence for alternative splice forms. Current understanding of βCA tissue-specific expression patterns and what controls them are reviewed, and the physiological roles for which βCAs have been implicated are presented.

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“…A likely mechanism supporting the stomatal proxy (explaining how plants adjust their stomatal densities in response to changes in atmospheric pCO 2 ) has been proposed: Plants use carbonic anhydrase (CA) located principally in the guard cells to detect (sense) pCO 2 enveloping their leaves (Hu et al, 2010(Hu et al, , 2015Chater et al, 2015;Engineer et al, 2016) and control initiation of stomatal development via a signal transduction pathway that is modulated by the HIC gene (Gray et al, 2000;Brownlee, 2001). It has further been shown experimentally that transpiration rates of mature leaves correspond with stomatal densities in developing leaves, suggesting a link between the short-term control of the stomatal aperture and the long-term regulation of stomatal development (Lake and Woodward, 2008).…”

Section: Stomatal Pco 2 Proxies and The Role Of Carbonic Anhydrasementioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata

McElwain

2017

Plant Physiol.

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-1729-6755 (J.C.M.); 0000-0002-7893-1142 (M.S.).The presence of stomata is a diagnostic trait of all living and extinct land plants with the exception of liverworts. They are preserved widely in the fossil record from anatomically pristine stomatal complexes on permineralized and charcoalified stems of the earliest land plants dating back .400 million years to isolated guard cell pairs in quaternary aged palynological samples. Detailed study of fossil stomatal complexes has been used to track the evolution of genome size and to reconstruct atmospheric composition, to circumscribe new species to science, and to bring ancient landscapes to life by providing both habitat information and insights on fossil plant ecophysiological function and life form. This review explores how fossil stomata can be used to advance our understanding of plant, environment, and atmospheric evolution over the Phanerozoic. We compare the utility of qualitative (e.g. presence/absence of stomatal crypts) versus quantitative stomatal traits (e.g. amphistomaty ratio) in paleoecological reconstructions. A case study on Triassic-Jurassic Ginkgoales is provided to highlight the methodological difficulty of teasing apart the effect of genome size, ploidy, and environment on guard cell size evolution across mass extinction boundaries. We critique both empirical and mechanistic stomatal-based models for paleoCO 2 reconstruction and highlight some key limitations and advantages of both approaches. Finally, we question if different stomatal developmental pathways have ecophysiological consequence for leaf gas exchange and ultimately the application of different stomatal-based CO 2 proxy methods. We conclude that most studies currently only capture a fraction of the potential invaluable information that can be gleaned from fossilized stomata and highlight future approaches to their study that better integrate across the disciplinary boundaries of paleobotany, developmental biology, paleoecology, and plant physiology.The fossil record of land plants (embryophytes) dates back unequivocally to the Middle Ordovician (;460 million years ago [mya]). This is supported by the presence of spore tetrads contained within an enveloping sporangium (Wellman et al., 2003). Since Wellman's discovery, the fossil spore record has revealed older and older spores of various morphologies (naked, enveloped) and configurations (singular, paired, etc.) that may eventually push back even further the accepted date of the oldest land plant (Wellman and Strother, 2015). This early phase in land plant evolution is complex to interpret, however, since no stomata have been discovered so far on the earliest fossilized land plants, suggesting perhaps that they may have been absent, as is the case for the early land plants' algal predecessors. As soon as sheets of fossilized cuticle with true stomata started to appear in Siluran aged (443-419 mya) sediment samples, our ability to taxonomically separate charophyacean algae from land plants based on fragmentary foss...

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CO2 Sensing and CO2 Regulation of Stomatal Conductance: Advances and Open Questions

Cited by 225 publications

References 148 publications

High CO2 primes plant biotic stress defences through redox-linked pathways

High CO2 primes plant biotic stress defences through redox-linked pathways

Plant Carbonic Anhydrases: Structures, Locations, Evolution, and Physiological Roles

Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata

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