2019
DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2019.00007
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CO2 Removal With Enhanced Weathering and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Potential Risks and Co-benefits for Marine Pelagic Ecosystems

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Cited by 168 publications
(223 citation statements)
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“…While the ecological impacts of acidification of the ocean are subject to a wide field of research, comparatively little is known about the opposite process of alkalinization in order to appreciate the impacts of such changes on the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem. Among the side effects mentioned in literature are the potential of positive and negative feed-backs, affecting nutrient limitation of primary producers, causing physiological damage to marine organisms and altering their metabolic balance (Cripps et al, 2013;Bach et al, 2019), but more research is required on the topic in order to enable a quantified estimate of the resilience of marine ecosystems to alkalinization and an adequate risk assessment. This point is even more relevant when considering the spatial heterogeneity of alkalinization impacts illustrated in Figure 5, which shows that local extremes of pH variation may differ from the basin annual mean by more than 0.1 pH units.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the ecological impacts of acidification of the ocean are subject to a wide field of research, comparatively little is known about the opposite process of alkalinization in order to appreciate the impacts of such changes on the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem. Among the side effects mentioned in literature are the potential of positive and negative feed-backs, affecting nutrient limitation of primary producers, causing physiological damage to marine organisms and altering their metabolic balance (Cripps et al, 2013;Bach et al, 2019), but more research is required on the topic in order to enable a quantified estimate of the resilience of marine ecosystems to alkalinization and an adequate risk assessment. This point is even more relevant when considering the spatial heterogeneity of alkalinization impacts illustrated in Figure 5, which shows that local extremes of pH variation may differ from the basin annual mean by more than 0.1 pH units.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…If precipitation does not occur, the bicarbonate and carbonate ions are transported through water streams and end up in the ocean, increasing its alkalinity. Another approach is the addition of alkaline silicate rocks directly into the ocean, whereby finely ground rocks are added to the seawater for CO 2 uptake and carbon storage in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions, further enhancing alkalinity as well as inducing additional atmospheric CO 2 absorption (Bach et al 2019). Another approach to increasing alkalinity was proposed by Kheshgi in the mid-1990s and that is the addition of lime (CaO) to the ocean surface.…”
Section: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The assessment of the localized impact produced by SL at the discharge point, due to a temporary increase of pH and alkalinity, is necessary to evaluate the environmental side effects of this practice. A pH increase (leading to a decrease in aqueous CO 2 and an increase in bicarbonate ion concentrations), as well as the co-dissolution of other elements, could have a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems (Bach et al, 2019). Pedersen and Hansen (2003) and Locke et al (2009) demonstrate the low probability, for different kinds of organisms, to survive when exposed to high pH level, over several days or weeks.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cripps et al (2013) point out to acid-base balance alterations in Carcinus maenas once again in response to acute exposure to Ca(OH) 2 concentrations. Bach et al (2019), recognize how a pH increase, whilst leading to benefits such as the decrease in aqueous CO 2 , the increase in bicarbonate ion concentrations, the co-dissolution of other elements, could, conversely, shift the current ecological equilibrium, with detrimental consequences for some organisms rather than others depending on the alkaline mineral used. Hence, a better understanding of the ecological implications of ocean liming requires additional dedicated experimental studies.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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