CO2 evolution during the last millennium as recorded by Antarctic and Greenland ice

Barnola, J. M.; Anklin, Martin; PORCHERON, J.; Raynaud, Dominique; Schwander, J.; Stauffer, B.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue1.22.x

Cited by 111 publications

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“…For analyzing past changes over several thousand years, the problem needs to be considered more carefully, but such simulations have not yet been carried out with LOVECLIM including all its components. (Indermühle et al, 1999), Law Dome (Etheridge et al, 1998), Siple (Neftel et al, 1994), South Pole (Siegenthaler et al, 2005), D47 (Barnola et al, 1995), D57 (Barnola et al, 1995), Drauning Maud Land (DML, Siegenthaler et al, 2005). (Etheridge et al, 1998), Siple (Neftel et al, 1994), South Pole (Siegenthaler et al, 2005), D47 (Barnola et al, 1995), D57 (Barnola et al, 1995), Drauning Maud Land (DML, Siegenthaler et al, 2005).…”

Section: The Past Millenniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The main characteristics of the new version 1.2 of the three-dimensional Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM are briefly described. LOVE-CLIM 1.2 includes representations of the atmosphere, the ocean and sea ice, the land surface (including vegetation), the ice sheets, the icebergs and the carbon cycle. The atmospheric component is ECBilt2, a T21, 3-level quasigeostrophic model. The ocean component is CLIO3, which consists of an ocean general circulation model coupled to a comprehensive thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice model. Its horizontal resolution is of 3 • by 3 • , and there are 20 levels in the ocean. ECBilt-CLIO is coupled to VECODE, a vegetation model that simulates the dynamics of two main terrestrial plant functional types, trees and grasses, as well as desert. VECODE also simulates the evolution of the carbon cycle over land while the ocean carbon cycle is represented by LOCH, a comprehensive model that takes into acCorrespondence to: H. Goosse (hugues.goosse@uclouvain.be) count both the solubility and biological pumps. The ice sheet component AGISM is made up of a three-dimensional thermomechanical model of the ice sheet flow, a visco-elastic bedrock model and a model of the mass balance at the iceatmosphere and ice-ocean interfaces. For both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, calculations are made on a 10 km by 10 km resolution grid with 31 sigma levels. LOVECLIM1.2 reproduces well the major characteristics of the observed climate both for present-day conditions and for key past periods such as the last millennium, the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. However, despite some improvements compared to earlier versions, some biases are still present in the model. The most serious ones are mainly located at low latitudes with an overestimation of the temperature there, a too symmetric distribution of precipitation between the two hemispheres, and an overestimation of precipitation and vegetation cover in the subtropics. In addition, the atmospheric circulation is too weak. The model also tends to underestimate the surface temperature changes (mainly at low latitudes) and to overestimate the ocean heat uptake observed over the last decades.

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Section: The Past Millenniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

et al. 2010

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“…a/., 1993, McKee, iNTRODLtTiON Farage & Long, 1995Rao, Hale & Ormrod, 1995; The tropospheric concentrations of CO2 and O3 Reinert & Ho, 1995, McKee, Bullimore & Long, have increased from pre-industrial levels of 1997). c. 280//mol mol"^ and 5-10 nmol mol"', respectIn recent studies (McKee ei al.. 1995(McKee ei al.. , 1997, we ively, to current concentrations of 355//moi mol"' showed that tong-term exposure of wheat to modand 15-30 nmol mol"', respectively (PORG, 1993;erately elevated [O3] (peak 60 nmol mol"^) caused a Barnola et al, 1995), It is expected that the concen-significant reduction in photosynthesis and biomass trations of these gases will increase further, if production, via a decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosanthropogenic emissions remain unabated (Hough-phate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity ', ton et al, 1995;Enquete Commission, 1995). Both without visible injury and with only a slight CO., and O3 have direct effects on the growth and reduction in leaf longevity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Enhanced ozone‐tolerance in wheat grown at an elevated CO₂ concentration: ozone exclusion and detoxification

1997

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SUMMARYElevated [CO^] has been shown to protect photosynthesis and growth of wheat against moderately eIe-\-ated [O^]. To investigate the role of ozone exclusion and detoxification in this protection, spring wheat {Triticum aestivitm L. cv. Wembley) was grown from seed, in controlled-environment chambers, under reciprocal combinations of [CO^] at 350 or 700 //mol mol"' and [Og] peaking at < 5 or 60 nmol mol"', respectively. Cumulative ozone dose to the mesophyll and antioxidant status were determined throughout flag leaf development. Catalase activity correlated with rates of photorespiration and declined in response to elevated [COJ and/or [O,J. Superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly affected by either condition. Neither ascorbate nor glutathione content was enhanced hy elevated [COJ. In wheat, at moderately elevated [Oj], our results show that stomatal exclusion plays a major role in the protective effect of elevated [CO^] against O3 damage.

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“…The Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentration has risen to nearly 30% since the mid-1800s (Barnola et al, 1995;IPCC, 2001), an increase largely resulting from fossil fuel burning and forest clearing (Keeling et al, 1995). While thousands of papers have been published on the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on plants and plant communities (Mooney et al, 1991;Bazzaz and Fajer, 1992;Bowes, 1993;Curtis et al, 1994;Mooney and Koch, 1994;Drake et al, 1997), trees and forests have generally been underrepresented in the CO 2 literature (Ceulemans and Mousseau, 1994;Scarascia-Mugnozza et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

Karnosky

2003

Environment International

107

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Atmospheric CO 2 is rising rapidly, and options for slowing the CO 2 rise are politically charged as they largely require reductions in industrial CO 2 emissions for most developed countries. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth's surface, account for some 70% of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), and are being bartered for carbon mitigation, it is critically important that we continue to reduce the uncertainties about the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forest tree growth, productivity, and forest ecosystem function. In this paper, I review knowledge gaps and research needs on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forest above-and below-ground growth and productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water relations, wood quality, phenology, community dynamics and biodiversity, antioxidants and stress tolerance, interactions with air pollutants, heterotrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Finally, I discuss research needs regarding modeling of the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forests.Even though there has been a tremendous amount of research done with elevated CO 2 and forest trees, it remains difficult to predict future forest growth and productivity under elevated atmospheric CO 2 . Likewise, it is not easy to predict how forest ecosystem processes will respond to enriched CO 2 . The more we study the impacts of increasing CO 2 , the more we realize that tree and forest responses are yet largely uncertain due to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group, and the complex interactions of elevated atmospheric CO 2 with soil fertility, drought, pests, and co-occurring atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen deposition and O 3 . Furthermore, it is impossible to predict ecosystem-level responses based on short-term studies of young trees grown without interacting stresses and in small spaces without the element of competition. Long-term studies using free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) technologies or forest stands around natural CO 2 vents are needed to increase the knowledge base on forest ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2 . In addition, new experimental protocols need to continue to be developed that will allow for mature trees to be examined in natural ecosystems. These studies should be closely linked to modeling efforts so that the inference capacity from these expensive and long-term studies can be maximized. D

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CO2 evolution during the last millennium as recorded by Antarctic and Greenland ice

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

Enhanced ozone‐tolerance in wheat grown at an elevated CO₂ concentration: ozone exclusion and detoxification

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

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CO2 evolution during the last millennium as recorded by Antarctic and Greenland ice

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2

Enhanced ozone‐tolerance in wheat grown at an elevated CO2 concentration: ozone exclusion and detoxification

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

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Enhanced ozone‐tolerance in wheat grown at an elevated CO₂ concentration: ozone exclusion and detoxification