Co-UWSN: Cooperative Energy-Efficient Protocol for Underwater WSNs

Abstract

Sensor networks feature low-cost sensor devices with wireless network capability, limited transmit power, resource constraints, and limited battery energy. Cooperative routing exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium and transmits cooperatively using nearby sensor nodes as relays. It is a promising technique that utilizes cooperative communication to improve the communication quality of single-antenna sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a cooperative transmission scheme for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) to enhance the network performance. Cooperative diversity has been introduced to combat fading. Cooperative UWSN (Co-UWSN) is proposed, which is a reliable, energy-efficient, and high throughput routing protocol for UWSN. Destination and potential relays are selected that utilize distance and signal-to-noise ratio computation of the channel conditions as cost functions. This contributes to sufficient decrease in path losses occurring in the links and transferring of data with much reduced path loss. Simulation results show that Co-UWSN protocol performs better in terms of end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime. Selected protocols for comparison are energy-efficient depth-based routing (EEDBR), improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based routing (iAMCTD), cooperative routing protocol for UWSN, and cooperative partner node selection criteria for cooperative routing Coop (Re and dth).

Wireless-powered cooperative energy aware anycast routing in wireless sensor networks

“…With the help of these packets, each sensor finds its optimal forwarders within its range of transmission and manages a list of forwarders under some threshold to find the best forwarder for its information forwarding (IF). Every sensor computes its weight function using expression 37 as follows …”

Congestion Control Reliability and Adaptive Cooperation for Efficient Underwater Sensor Networks

“…Simulation results showed that RACE routing scheme achieves improved packet delivery ratio, high stability period, less consumption of energy and low end-to-end delay as compared to AMCTD and ACE. In [3] the authors proposed a reliable, energy-efficient, and high throughput routing protocol Cooperative UWSN (Co-UWSN) for UWSNs to improve the performance of network. Distance and signal-to-noise ratio computation of the channel conditions are utilized by destination and relays nodes as cost functions.…”

“…<100 kHz) so all the sensor nodes are equipped with a low bandwidth acoustic modem therefore its propagation latency is five times higher than the radio channel i.e. sensor nodes can propagate upto 1 to 3 m/sec and they are generally considered as static [3]. Underwater nodes utilize more power and replacement of nodes or batteries is very difficult [7].…”

“…Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) forms an optimistic innovation for empowering and improving a few key applications in underwater exploration. UWSNs have established many applications as they are used in sea exploration, data collection, pollution monitoring, tactical surveillance, disaster prevention, military applications and mine surveys [3]. Transmission of data from sensor nodes to one of the sinks at sea surface using multi hop is required by underwater applications.…”

A Recent Study on Routing Protocols in UWSNs

“…Here a cost function has mentioned to select the very best route to sink calculated on the basis of their residential energy and their distance from the sink. Co-UWSN reduces effects of path loss and enhanced stability of the network [19].…”