Co-Treatment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle and Carbofuran Enhances Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos

Abstract

The use of chemicals to boost food production increases as human consumption also increases. The insectidal, nematicidal and acaricidal chemical carbofuran (CAF), is among the highly toxic carbamate pesticide used today. Alongside, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) are also used as pesticides due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The overuse of these pesticides may lead to leaching into the aquatic environments and could potentially cause adverse effects to aquatic animals. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of carbofuran and copper oxide nanoparticles into the cardiovascular system of zebrafish and unveil the mechanism behind them. We found that a combination of copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran increases cardiac edema in zebrafish larvae and disturbs cardiac rhythm of zebrafish. Furthermore, molecular docking data show that carbofuran inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in silico, thus leading to impair cardiac rhythms. Overall, our data suggest that copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran combinations work synergistically to enhance toxicity on the cardiovascular performance of zebrafish larvae.

Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles Exhibit More Severe Toxicity to the Embryo/Larvae of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) When Co-Exposed with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

“…Furthermore, the GzLM fit estimated that the interaction of CPC and ZIF-NPs significantly affected the heart rate at both 48 and 72 hpf. Similarly, previous studies also demonstrated that the interaction of chemicals and NPs might significantly affect their combined cardiotoxicity to zebrafish [32][33][34]. For example, Du et al [32] found that combined exposure of ZnO-NPs and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) could cause a more severe effect on the heart rate of zebrafish embryos (48 hpf) compared with the control and single-treatments, and Saputra et al [33] reported that co-treatment of CuO-NPs and carbofuran enhances cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.…”

“…Similarly, previous studies also demonstrated that the interaction of chemicals and NPs might significantly affect their combined cardiotoxicity to zebrafish [32][33][34]. For example, Du et al [32] found that combined exposure of ZnO-NPs and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) could cause a more severe effect on the heart rate of zebrafish embryos (48 hpf) compared with the control and single-treatments, and Saputra et al [33] reported that co-treatment of CuO-NPs and carbofuran enhances cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Those previous reports and our findings highlight the necessity of further studies on the combined exposure to NPs and chemical pollutants [34].…”

Toxicity Assessment of an Anti-Cancer Drug of p-Toluene Sulfonamide in Zebrafish Larvae Based on Cardiovascular and Locomotion Activities

“…At 2 days post fertilization (dpf), healthy zebrafish larvae were selected and incubated with 10, 50, and 100 ppm ( w / v ) of p-TSA for 24 h. These concentrations were sub-lethal concentrations that were based on the results obtained from the acute toxicity test. The assessment for cardiac performance was done following the protocol by Saputra et al 2021 [ 36 ]. In short, the zebrafish larvae were observed under an inverted microscope (ICX, Sunny Optical Technology, Zhejiang, China) mounted with high performance coupled charged device (CCD) (AZ Instrument, Taichung City, Taiwan) camera capable of recording video at 200 frames per second (fps).…”

“…The video was then processed with the software ImageJ to calculate the cardiac performance parameter. The Time-series analyzer plug-in (Available online: (accessed on 22 April 2022)) in ImageJ was used to analyze the cardiac rhythm according to the previous study [ 36 , 37 ]. The experiment was done in three replications.…”

Investigating Potential Cardiovascular Toxicity of Two Anti-Leukemia Drugs of Asciminib and Ponatinib in Zebrafish Embryos

“…For better video clarity, Hoffmann objective lenses with 40× magnification were used. The video was recorded for 10 s at 200 frames per second (fps) following the previously published protocol [ 52 ]. The “Trackmate” plug-in ImageJ software was used to calculate the blood flow velocity of zebrafish.…”