CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrogenation to Formate and Methanol as an Alternative to Photo- and Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction

Wang, Wan‐Hui; Himeda, Yuichiro; Muckerman, James T.; Manbeck, Gerald F.; Fujita, Etsuko

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00197

Cited by 1,304 publications

(901 citation statements)

References 304 publications

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“…Current world energy consumption is highly dependent upon fossil fuels. Concerns are growing that the increasing human activities would not only accelerate the consumption of fossil fuels but also result in escalated greenhouse gas emission and breaks the carbon balance in the natural world 1, 2. Since late 19th century, CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from 280 to 400 ppm ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

et al. 2017

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Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is believed to have a profound impact on the global climate. To reverse the impact would necessitate not only curbing the reliance on fossil fuels but also developing effective strategies capture and utilize CO2 from the atmosphere. Among several available strategies, CO2 reduction via the electrochemical or photochemical approach is particularly attractive since the required energy input can be potentially supplied from renewable sources such as solar energy. In this Review, an overview on these two different but inherently connected approaches is provided and recent progress on the development, engineering, and understanding of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts is summarized. First, the basic principles that govern electrocatalytic or photocatalytic CO2 reduction and their important performance metrics are discussed. Then, a detailed discussion on different CO2 reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts as well as their generally designing strategies is provided. At the end of this Review, perspectives on the opportunities and possible directions for future development of this field are presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

et al. 2017

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“…Some of the main available processes to convert CO 2 into FA are homogeneous catalysis [6][7][8], heterogeneous catalysis [9][10][11][12], photocatalytic reduction [13], and electrochemical reduction (ER) [14,15], which share a substantial input of energy per unit of reduced CO 2 [6]. These CO 2 utilization technologies for production of FA are currently found at different stages in terms of maturity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formic Acid Manufacture: Carbon Dioxide Utilization Alternatives

2018

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Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) utilization alternatives for manufacturing formic acid (FA) such as electrochemical reduction (ER) or homogeneous catalysis of CO 2 and H 2 could be efficient options for developing more environmentally-friendly production alternatives to FA fossil-dependant production. However, these alternatives are currently found at different technological readiness levels (TRLs), and some remaining technical challenges need to be overcome to achieve at least carbon-even FA compared to the commercial process, especially ER of CO 2 , which is still farther from its industrial application. The main technical limitations inherited by FA production by ER are the low FA concentration achieved and the high overpotentials required, which involve high consumptions of energy (ER cell) and steam (distillation). In this study, a comparison in terms of carbon footprints (CF) using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was done to evaluate the potential technological challenges assuring the environmental competitiveness of the FA production by ER of CO 2 . The CF of the FA conventional production were used as a benchmark, as well as the CF of a simulated plant based on homogeneous catalysts of CO 2 and H 2 (found closer to be commercial). Renewable energy utilization as PV solar for the reaction is essential to achieve a carbon-even product; however, the CF benefits are still negligible due to the enormous contribution of the steam produced by natural gas (purification stage). Some ER reactor configurations, plus a recirculation mode, could achieve an even CF versus commercial process. It was demonstrated that the ER alternatives could lead to lower natural resources consumption (mainly, natural gas and heavy fuel oil) compared to the commercial process, which is a noticeable advantage in environmental sustainability terms.

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“…Although many review articles have been published relating to CO 2 reduction reactions [8,[11][12][13], they mainly focus on electrocatalyst effects. In this review, selected recent advances in developing and applying the electrocatalysts with transition metal centers is presented and discussed.…”

Section: Equation Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Mediated Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Systems

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Global climate change and increasing demands for clean energy have brought intensive interest in the search for proper electrocatalysts in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to higher value carbon products such as hydrocarbons. Recently, transition-metal-centered molecules or organic frameworks have been reported to show outstanding electrocatalytic activity in the liquid phase. Their d-orbital electrons are believed to be one of the key factors to capture and convert CO 2 molecules to value-added low-carbon fuels. In this review, recent advances in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction have been summarized based on the targeted products, ranging from homogeneous reactions to heterogeneous ones. Their advantages and fallbacks have been pointed out and the existing challenges, especially with respect to the practical and industrial application are addressed.

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CO₂ Hydrogenation to Formate and Methanol as an Alternative to Photo- and Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Cited by 1,304 publications

References 304 publications

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

Formic Acid Manufacture: Carbon Dioxide Utilization Alternatives

Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Mediated Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Systems

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CO2 Hydrogenation to Formate and Methanol as an Alternative to Photo- and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Cited by 1,304 publications

References 304 publications

CO2 Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

CO2 Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

Formic Acid Manufacture: Carbon Dioxide Utilization Alternatives

Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Mediated Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Systems

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CO₂ Hydrogenation to Formate and Methanol as an Alternative to Photo- and Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach

CO₂ Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach