Co‐simulation framework for calculating balancing energy needs of a microgrid with renewable energy penetration

Abstract

Summary This paper introduces a unique simulation framework for testing and validating multiple operation issues of grid connected microgrids. The framework is widely adjustable and enables various control actions, for example, load shedding, demand response, power curtailment, and integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS). The microgrid operation framework runs several algorithms, providing data for the optimization of the actors at different time scales. In the first part of the paper, the framework, three predictor algorithms, and the network topology used for the tests are presented in detail. Balancing power requirements of microgrids are dominantly determined by uncertainties of intermittent renewable energy‐based generation and changes in consumption. Beyond the environment development, the aim of the present research is to quantify the temporal change of balancing needs between certain confidence intervals. Accordingly, in the second part of the paper, possible approaches to determine the balancing power needs are presented, including the stochastic approach of the new System Operation Guideline (SO GL). The last part of the paper presents error characteristics of the predictor algorithms and balancing power needs are calculated in the context of the European balancing market terminology. Daily and seasonal temporality of errors is examined. The authors recognized that in transition to a more flexible distribution grid operation, the importance of possible microgrid market value propositions is increasingly appreciated. Future research perspectives include physical demonstration and validation of possible ancillary service strategy planning for microgrids.

Microgrid Power Sharing Framework for Software Defined Networking and Cybersecurity Analysis

“…Transmission of large amounts of data required by networked control must be secure, robust, reliable and scalable [33]. Routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), limit the topology scalability and make failure detection and recovery a complex task [30]. The emergence of software-defined networks (SDN) provides an opportunity to add intelligence to the communication infrastructure, separating the physical layer from applications and control [17].…”