“…On the one hand, co-owners have the same right to own and exploit the invention on their behalf according to the patent law (Belderbos et al, 2014). This complex co-ownership induces a negative relationship between the number of co-patents and the owner's market value (Belderbos et al, 2010;2014;Lv et al, 2018). On the other hand, the law of most countries such as European countries, except for France, and the law of Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan has a regulation that each patent's owner needs prior consent with other co-owners in the co-patent's utilization, sole license, exclusive license or assignment to a third party (Hashimoto et al, 2012), which may induce a constrained effect on the co-patent's commercialization for inducing the intellectual property infringement risk, according to the transaction cost theory.…”