“…These optimal transmission switching models, which formulate the optimization as a mixed integer problem, usually assume n − 1 contingency reliability (Hedman, O'Neill, Fisher, and Oren, 2009) (in general, n is the number of system components), which means that the effects of single line and generator failures on the network are included in the analysis. The latest models of Hedman, Ferris, O'Neill, Fisher, and Oren (2010) even include generator startup and shutdown costs as well.…”