Co‐occurrence of V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage‐gated sodium channel and resistance to pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (L.) from the Colombian Caribbean region

Abstract

BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance is conferred primarily by non‐synonymous mutations that reduce pyrethroids binding to voltage‐gated sodium channels. In 2014, kdr mutation V1016I in Aedes aegypti populations resistant to pyrethroids was reported for the first time in Colombiα, in 2016 another kdr mutation, F1534C, and in 2018 the mutation V419L. Nine populations of A. aegypti, previously characterized as being resistant to λ‐cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were used for this study. Genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes by allele‐specific PCR for mutations V1016I and F1534C, and to determine their association with pyrethroid resistance. RESULTS All the populations analyzed showed both mutations, with allelic frequencies of 0.07–0.35 for I1016 and 0.47–0.88 for C1534. A percentage of co‐occurrence of mutant homozygotes I1016/C1534 of 5.3% was detected. A significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of the genotype I1016 and the resistance to permethrin, λ‐cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, but not to deltamethrin; on the other hand, the correlation was not significant for the C1534 genotype and the four pyrethroids evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the frequencies of the mutations V1016I and F1534C. CONCLUSIONS Both mutations V1016I and F1534C are present in A. aegypti populations of the Colombian Caribbean, and although the frequency of F1534C exceeds V1016I, the latter was correlated to resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance in populations ofAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia

“…Similarly, an association was found between all three mutations and resistance to λ-cyhalothrin in Valledupar, Montería, and Juan de Acosta. This last result is consistent with the results of the study by Maestre et al [55] which detected a significant positive correlation between the frequency of the 1016I allele and resistance to permethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin. However, no significant correlation was observed in that same study between 1534C and resistance to any pyrethroids [55].…”

Co-occurrence of kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from Costa Rica

“…aegypti populations, including a population from Guanacaste province, Costa Rica (Saavedra-Rodriguez et al 2007). Although, functional conformation experiments do not confirm the role of the V1016I mutation in pyrethroid resistance, many studies have correlated the presence of this mutation to phenotypic resistance (Deming et al 2016, Brito et al 2018, Maestre-Serrano et al 2019, Ryan et al 2019). In contrast, kdr mutation F1534C has been strongly associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance and confirmed by functional experiments in Xenopus oocytes (Du et al 2013).…”

“…aegypti population from Thailand (Yanola et al 2011). Since then, the F1534C mutation has been documented worldwide (Linss et al 2014, Kushwah et al 2015, Hamid et al 2018, Maestre-Serrano et al 2019, Sombié et al 2019), except from Central America. To the best of our knowledge, kdr mutations have not been studied in Costa Rican areas where pyrethroid resistance has been reported for Ae.…”

The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated inAedes aegyptipopulations in Central America and Hispaniola

“…In America, kdr mutations have been reported in Ae. aegypti populations from Ecuador, (22), United States (23, 24), Colombia (25, 26), México (27–29), Brazil (30–35), Lesser Antilles (36–40), French Guiana (37), Venezuela (29, 41), Cuba (29, 39), Panamá (42), Puerto Rico (43). This is the first report of kdr mutations for the countries included in this study, except for Haiti (87).…”

“…Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes have been widely associated with the F1534C (21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39–41, 83, 88–101) and V1016I mutations (24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 88, 93, 97, 100, 102, 103). The simultaneous presence of both mutations has been associated with enhanced tolerance to deltamethrin in the past (31).…”