Co-localization of glycine and gaba immunoreactivity in interneurons in Macaca monkey cerebellar cortex

Crook, Joanna D.; Hendrickson, Anita E.; Robinson, Farrel R.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.012

Cited by 46 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The work of Crook et al (2006) also indicates that candelabrum are rather sparsely contacted by GAD-immunopositive presynaptic elements. However, we are essentially ignorant as to the synaptic investment of candelabrum cells, their aVerents, their receptor endowment, let alone their electrophysiological properties.…”

Section: Candelabrum Cellsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This might suggest a transmitter phenotype and also hint at their potential developmental history. Indeed, candelabrum cells in the monkey (Macaca) cerebellum have recently been shown to be immunoreactive for glycine, GABA, and GAD (the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase; Crook et al 2006), an observation in accord with the previous tentative identiWcation, in rats, of cells doubly reactive for GAD67 and the glycine transporter, Glyt2, as possibly comprising candelabrum cells (Tanaka and Ezure 2004). In human cerebellum, a cell-type which based on its location and the shape of its perikaryon may be classiWed as candelabrum cells were found to be GAD65/67 (the antibody used did not allow to distinguish isoforms; Flace et al 2004).…”

Section: Candelabrum Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Schilling

Oberdick

Rossi

et al. 2008

Histochem Cell Biol

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Ever since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar cortex has been recognized as one of the most regularly structured and wired parts of the brain formed by a rather limited set of distinct cells. Its rather protracted course of development, which persists well into postnatal life, the availability of multiple natural mutants, and, more recently, the availability of distinct molecular genetic tools to identify and manipulate discrete cell types have suggested the cerebellar cortex as an excellent model to understand the formation and working of the central nervous system. However, the formulation of a unifying model of cerebellar function has so far proven to be a most cantankerous problem, not least because our understanding of the internal cerebellar cortical circuitry is clearly spotty. Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. Here, we provide a short overview of cerebellar cortical interneuron diversity, and we summarize some recent results that are hoped to provide a primer on current understanding of cerebellar biology.

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Section: Candelabrum Cellsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Candelabrum Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Schilling

Oberdick

Rossi

et al. 2008

Histochem Cell Biol

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“…Notably, very weak staining was observed in granule cells, but strong staining was observed in interneurons within the granule cell layer, as well as in neurons in the molecular layer. It is becoming increasingly clear that the cerebellar cortex contains a variety of morphologically and biochemically distinct types of interneurons [16,31], and additional studies would be necessary to fully categorize the ATM staining in each specific type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 3A-C, a very light signal was detectable in granule neurons, but was barely above background levels. However, scattered strongly staining interneurons [16] were observed within the granule cell layer ( Figure 3A-E). Neurons in the molecular layer also showed ATM staining ( Figure 3F).…”

Section: Localization Of Atm In Other Cerebellar Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATM, the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex, and topoisomerase I are concentrated in the nucleus of Purkinje neurons in the juvenile human brain

et al. 2007

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The genetic disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT) results from mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. AT patients develop a progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Surprisingly, while ATM plays a criticial role in the cellular reponse to DNA damage, previous studies have localized ATM to the cytoplasm of rodent and human Purkinje neurons. Here we show that ATM is primarily localized to the nucleus in cerebellar Purkinje neurons in postmortem human brain tissue samples, although some light cytoplasmic ATM staining was also observed. No ATM staining was observed in brain tissue samples from AT patients, verifying the specificity of the antibody. We also found that antibodies against components of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex showed strong staining in Purkinje cell nuclei. However, while ATM is present in both the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, MRN proteins are excluded from the nucleolus. We also observed very high levels of topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) in the nucleus, and specifically the nucleolus, of human Purkinje neurons. Our results have direct implications for understanding the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AT and AT-like disorder.

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“…Both anti-glycine and anti-GABA antibodies detect the corresponding amino acids very well in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues (Allain et al 2006;Crook et al 2006;Ohshita et al 2004;Pow et al 1995;Xin et al 2007). Polyclonal rat antiglycine antibody was generated in rats against glycine that had been conjugated to a carrier protein [bovine serum albumin (BSA)] using formaldehyde.…”

Section: Tissue Processing and Immunocytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Is Associated with the Cochlear Nucleus Commissural Pathway

Zhou

Zeng

Cui

et al. 2010

JARO

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The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first auditory structure to receive binaural information via CN-commissural connections. In spite of an abundance of evidence that CN-commissural neurons are glycinergic and thus inhibitory, physiological, and anatomical evidence suggests that a small group of CN-commissural neurons are excitatory. In this study, we examined the excitatory portion of the CN-commissural pathway by combining anterograde tract tracing with immunohistochemistry of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) and retrograde tract tracing with immunohistochemistry of glycine and GABA. VGLUTs accumulate glutamate in synaptic vesicles and are prime markers for glutamatergic neurons. The terminal endings of CN-commissural projections were typically en passant or small terminal boutons, but large, irregular swellings were also observed, confined to the granule cell domain (GCD). Both small and large terminal endings in the GCD colabeled with VGLUT2, but not VGLUT1. In addition, some CN-commissural cells themselves received VGLUT2-positive puncta on their somata. After large injections into the CN, 37% of the total number of retrogradely labeled commissural neurons was immunonegative to glycine or GABA. Retrograde labeling after a restricted GCD injection revealed a majority of putative excitatory CN-commissural neurons as multipolar, in the marginal regions of the ventral CN, medially as well as in the small cell cap region and deep dorsal CN. These results provide direct anatomical evidence that an excitatory commissural projection is present, and VGLUT2 is associated with this pathway both as its source and as a recipient.

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Co-localization of glycine and gaba immunoreactivity in interneurons in Macaca monkey cerebellar cortex

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

ATM, the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex, and topoisomerase I are concentrated in the nucleus of Purkinje neurons in the juvenile human brain

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Is Associated with the Cochlear Nucleus Commissural Pathway

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