Co-ingestion of protein or a protein hydrolysate with carbohydrate enhances anabolic signaling, but not glycogen resynthesis, following recovery from prolonged aerobic exercise in trained cyclists

Cogan, Karl E.; Evans, Mark; Iuliano, Enzo; Melvin, Audrey; Суста, Давиде; Neff, K. W.; Vito, Giuseppe De; Egan, Brendan

doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3775-x

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…where R is the mean correlation coefficient calculated using raw data derived from four CHO vs. control trials (CHO: R = 0.62; control: R = 0.64) [42,[49][50][51] and 17 CHO+PRO vs. CHO trials (CHO+PRO: R = 0.79; CHO: R = 0.76) [27,29,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. The rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis under each condition was then determined by dividing the total amount of glycogen re-synthesised (i.e.…”

Section: Primary and Secondary Research Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, R was approximated as 0.28 using raw data from eight CHO+PRO vs. CHO trials [52][53][54][55][56]; the same R value of 0.28 was used for the CHO vs. control comparison (as no raw data from these trials could be obtained to determine an independent value). Sensitivity analyses were performed using R = 0.60 and 0.90 to test the robustness of the imputed value.…”

Section: Weighted Mean Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirdly, the previous metaanalysis included studies that provided CHO+PRO in combination with fat, and in some circumstances, the fat content was not matched between treatments [26,47,51,71,72]. Finally, one study [56] was omitted from the previous meta-analysis without clear explanation and a number of trials [27,47,54] that were part of a parallel design were also excluded; in contrast, we included trials from a single study that provided PRO from different sources. As a result, direct comparison of findings between the two meta-analyses is difficult and each should be interpreted on their individual merits.…”

Section: Effect Of Cho+pro On Short-term Muscle Glycogen Resynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Rapid restoration of muscle glycogen stores is imperative for athletes undertaking consecutive strenuous exercise sessions with limited recovery time (e.g. ≤ 8 h). Strategies to optimise muscle glycogen re-synthesis in this situation are essential. This two-part systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of consuming carbohydrate (CHO) with and without protein (PRO) on the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis during short-term post-exercise recovery (≤ 8 h). Methods Studies were identified via the online databases Web of Science and Scopus. Investigations that measured muscle glycogen via needle biopsy during recovery (with the first measurement taken ≤ 30 min post-exercise and at least one additional measure taken ≤ 8 h post-exercise) following a standardised exercise bout (any type) under the following control vs. intervention conditions were included in the meta-analysis: part 1, water (or non-nutrient beverage) vs. CHO, and part 2, CHO vs. CHO+PRO. Publications were examined for methodological quality using the Rosendal scale. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate intervention efficacy. Results Overall, 29 trials (n = 246 participants) derived from 21 publications were included in this review. The quality assessment yielded a Rosendal score of 61 ± 8% (mean ± standard deviation). Part 1: 10 trials (n = 86) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO during recovery (1.02 ± 0.4 g·kg body mass (BM)−1 h−1) improved the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis compared with water; change in muscle glycogen (MGΔ) re-synthesis rate = 23.5 mmol·kg dm−1 h−1, 95% CI 19.0–27.9, p < 0.001; I2 = 66.8%. A significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.027) was observed between interval of CHO administration (≤ hourly vs. > hourly) and the mean difference in rate of re-synthesis between treatments. Part 2: 19 trials (n = 160) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO+PRO (CHO: 0.86 ± 0.2 g·kg BM−1 h−1; PRO: 0.27 ± 0.1 g·kg BM−1 h−1) did not improve the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis compared to CHO alone (0.95 ± 0.3 g·kg BM−1 h−1); MGΔ re-synthesis rate = 0.4 mmol·kg dm−1 h−1, 95% CI −2.7 to 3.4, p = 0.805; I2 = 56.4%. Conclusions Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise regular intake of CHO, while co-ingesting PRO with CHO appears unlikely to enhance (or impede) the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis. Trial Registration Registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identification code CRD42020156841).

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Section: Primary and Secondary Research Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weighted Mean Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Cho+pro On Short-term Muscle Glycogen Resynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Equally, a number of other investigations proposed that the addition of protein does not further increase the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis, despite a higher insulinaemic response [ 20 , 22 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ]. Noticeably, five of the studies cited previously examined whether the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis by ingesting the proposed ‘optimal’ dose of carbohydrate (1.2 g·kg BM −1 ·h −1 ) can be exceeded with the addition of protein/amino acids, and none reported an accelerated rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis with protein co-ingestion [ 33 , 34 , 37 , 130 , 131 ].…”

Section: Nutrient Intake and Muscle Glycogen Resynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Reported rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis across 18 different investigations that have measured muscle glycogen concentrations during short-term (2–6 h) recovery with varied rates of carbohydrate with or without protein in humans [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 75 , 76 , 124 , 126 , 130 , 132 ]. The trend lines denote the suggested patterns of muscle glycogen resynthesis with each treatment (solid trend line represents carbohydrate ingestion while broken trend lines represent carbohydrate-protein ingestion).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion

2018

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The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.

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Exogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future

Evans

McClure²,

Koutnik³

et al. 2022

Sports Med

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The ketone bodies acetoacetate (AcAc) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) have pleiotropic effects in multiple organs including brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by serving as an alternative substrate for energy provision, and by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, catabolic processes, and gene expression. Of particular relevance to athletes are the metabolic actions of ketone bodies to alter substrate utilisation through attenuating glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues, anti-lipolytic effects on adipose tissue, and attenuation of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. There has been long-standing interest in the development of ingestible forms of ketone bodies that has recently resulted in the commercial availability of exogenous ketone supplements (EKS). These supplements in the form of ketone salts and ketone esters, in addition to ketogenic compounds such as 1,3-butanediol and medium chain triglycerides, facilitate an acute transient increase in circulating AcAc and βHB concentrations, which has been termed ‘acute nutritional ketosis’ or ‘intermittent exogenous ketosis’. Some studies have suggested beneficial effects of EKS to endurance performance, recovery, and overreaching, although many studies have failed to observe benefits of acute nutritional ketosis on performance or recovery. The present review explores the rationale and historical development of EKS, the mechanistic basis for their proposed effects, both positive and negative, and evidence to date for their effects on exercise performance and recovery outcomes before concluding with a discussion of methodological considerations and future directions in this field.

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Co-ingestion of protein or a protein hydrolysate with carbohydrate enhances anabolic signaling, but not glycogen resynthesis, following recovery from prolonged aerobic exercise in trained cyclists

Abstract: Supplementing CHO with intact sodium caseinate or an insulinotropic hydrolysate derivative augmented intracellular signaling associated with skeletal muscle protein synthesis following prolonged aerobic exercise.

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion

Exogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future

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