Co-infections of Plasmodium knowlesi, P. falciparum, and P. vivax among Humans and Anopheles dirus Mosquitoes, Southern Vietnam

Marchand, Ron P.; Culleton, Richard; Maeno, Yoshimasa; Quang, Nguyen Tuyen; Nakazawa, Shozo

doi:10.3201/eid1707.101551

Cited by 127 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…In some hospitals in Malaysian Borneo, knowlesi malaria accounts for the majority of malaria cases admitted to hospitals (29,38,43). Human cases are not restricted to Malaysia, with reports of infections acquired in Thailand (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53), the Philippines (54-56), Myanmar (57,58), Singapore (59-61), Vietnam (62,63), Indonesia (64,65), Brunei (66), and Cambodia (67) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Epidemiology Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, at 4 collection sites in the forest and forest fringe areas near a village in south central Vietnam, A. dirus mosquitoes were found to harbor sporozoites of P. knowlesi alone and mixed with P. vivax or P. falciparum and also mixed with both P. falciparum and P. vivax (62,85). Since A. dirus is the only known vector for human malaria in this area (62), this raises the possibil- ity that human-to-human transmission of P. knowlesi could occur and may actually be occurring in this region in Vietnam.…”

Section: Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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SUMMARY Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Human infections have since been described throughout Southeast Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis. Human infections were undiagnosed until molecular detection methods that could distinguish P. knowlesi from the morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae became available. P. knowlesi infections cause a spectrum of disease and are potentially fatal, but if detected early enough, infections in humans are readily treatable. In this review on knowlesi malaria, we describe the early studies on P. knowlesi and focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and treatment of knowlesi malaria. We also discuss the gaps in our knowledge and the challenges that lie ahead in studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis of knowlesi malaria and in the prevention and control of this zoonotic infection.

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Section: Epidemiology Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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“…Following the report of Singh et al (2004), naturally acquired human P. knowlesi infections were reported from several South-east Asian countries namely, Thailand (Jongwutiwes et al 2004), Philippines (Luchavez et al 2008), Singapore (Ng et al 2008;Jeslyn et al 2011), Vietnam (Marchand et al 2011), and Cambodia (Khim et al 2011). Naturally acquired cases were also reported in travelers who visited endemic areas and went back to their native countries.…”

Section: Natural P Knowlesi Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But so far there has been no confirmed evidence for the presence of last two types of transmission cycles mentioned above. Areas endemic for malaria are in close proximity to forests and forest fringe areas, but so far there is no report that human malaria parasites were found in forest dwelling monkeys as seen in Vietnam (Marchand et al 2011). In Vietnam, An.…”

Section: P Knowlesi Transmission Cycles and Its Site Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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The identification of a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo and subsequent reports from several countries in South-east Asia has led its recognition as the fifth human malaria parasite. The natural preferred hosts of this species still continue to be macaque monkeys that live in broad-leaf rain forests. This review describes the distribution of macaque monkeys, the Anopheles species belonging to the Leucosphyrus Group that have been incriminated as vectors, morphological and clinical features of this parasite, and the transmission cycles that have been identified for this parasite. As the North-eastern states of India share their borders with P. knowlesi malaria endemic countries and because travelers from countries in South-east Asia visit India and vice versa, risks of this parasite entering India and its spread are also discussed.

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