Co-infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei is a significant risk factor for cerebral trypanosomosis in the equid population of the Gambia

Savage, Victoria L.; Christley, Robert M.; Pinchbeck, Gina; Morrison, Liam J.; Hodgkinson, Jane E.; Peachey, Laura

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105507

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Several factors, such as sex, age, and breed, have been reported to affect trypanosome infection in domestic animals in previous studies [19][20][21]. Moreover, the seasonal variation in trypanosome infection is strongly correlated with that of its vector insects [22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Seasonal Variation and Factors Affecting Trypanosoma theileri Infection in Wild Sika Deer (Ezo Sika Deer Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Eastern Hokkaido

Hong,

Suganuma,

Ohari

et al. 2023

Animals

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Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) spp. are isolated from domestic and wild ruminants, including deer, worldwide. The prevalence of trypanosomes in mammals is influenced by a number of factors such as host age and vector abundance. However, the seasonal variation of and factors affecting trypanosome infection in the wild deer population remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the seasonal variation in trypanosome prevalence and the factors that affect Trypanosoma theileri Laveran, 1902, infection in wild sika deer (Ezo sika deer) Cervus nippon yesoensis (Heude, 1884) in Eastern Hokkaido through a two-year survey. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of trypanosome infection in the deer population ranged from 0 to 41% as per hematocrit concentration and 17 to 89% as per PCR results. In general, the prevalence of T. theileri by PCR in 2020 was higher than that in 2019. Moreover, the prevalence was significantly higher in the aged population than among the younger population. These findings may explain why individual conditions and sampling season were associated with trypanosome prevalence. This is the first study to investigate the seasonal variation in and risk factors affecting trypanosome infection in wild deer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Seasonal Variation and Factors Affecting Trypanosoma theileri Infection in Wild Sika Deer (Ezo Sika Deer Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Eastern Hokkaido

Hong,

Suganuma,

Ohari

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Studies on other general equine populations in Europe report from 18 to more than 40 all-cause deaths per 1,000 animals [22,23]. As diseases with high prevalence, morbidity and mortality risk are common among working equids [24][25][26] and these animals often have lower life expectancy [27,28] than other groups of equids, a higher mortality risk might therefore be expected. In the current study, mortality risk may be under-reported due to a lack of patient follow-up associated with the type of single-contact interventions practiced in most mobile clinics.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Merridale-Punter,

Wiethoelter,

El-Hage

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Despite several millions of working equids worldwide, there are few published studies regarding the epidemiology of their health and welfare. Data collected by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) operating in the working equid sphere therefore have important epidemiological value and could be used towards animal health surveillance. The aim of this study was to identify common clinical findings and mortality patterns of working equids in low- and middle-income countries and investigate their epidemiology using data collected from an international NGO. A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the proportion of clinical findings and mortality risk by equid species, year and region. Negative binomial regression models were generated to investigate differences in mortality risk and proportion of key clinical findings between equid species, hemispheres and calendar month. A total of 4,313,606 presentations were reported from 14 countries between January 2005 and March 2021 (mean 22,121; SD ± 7,858 per month). Wounds and abscesses were the most reported clinical finding for all equid species (mean proportion 35%; SD ±0.19 of all findings). A higher proportion of wounds (mean proportion 41.7%; SD±0.2) was recorded in donkeys than mules or horses (P<0.001). Mules had higher reported mortality risk (1.2%; 95% CI 0.94–1.46%) than horses (0.4%; 95% CI 0.36–0.55%; p<0.001) or donkeys (0.2%; 95% CI 0.14–0.22%). Work-related wounds were the predominant finding in working equids, particularly so in donkeys. Prevention strategies should focus on improvements to work equipment and practices for all equids. Future investigations required include refinement of diagnostic approaches for donkeys and investigation of risk factors to understand the higher mortality in mules. Routine monitoring of clinical findings reported by national or international NGOs could be included in animal health surveillance strategies, although standardisation of data for this purpose is needed so that changes in prevalence following implementation of prevention strategies can be monitored.

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“…In contrast to the human disease, neurological symptoms are not a common feature of ruminant infections, although seem to be reported more frequently in T. vivax infections [ 54 , 55 ]. Donkeys and horses are also commonly infected with trypanosomes [ 56–58 ]; in these hosts neurological disease is much more common, with data indicating that T. brucei (including T. b. evansi and T. b. equiperdum ) may be implicated in being the primary causative agent of neurological complications [ 59 , 60 ]. Asian or water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) are an important livestock species across Asia, as well as increasingly in South America, and the impact of T. b. evansi (as well as T. vivax in S. America) upon buffalo is important and currently underappreciated, where it causes a similar chronic production disease to that seen in cattle [ 46 ], with occasional outbreaks of high mortality [ 61 ].…”

Section: Evidence Of Virulence Diversity Of Field Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts

et al. 2023

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African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei , and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense , T. vivax, and T. brucei . These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.

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Co-infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei is a significant risk factor for cerebral trypanosomosis in the equid population of the Gambia

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Seasonal Variation and Factors Affecting Trypanosoma theileri Infection in Wild Sika Deer (Ezo Sika Deer Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Eastern Hokkaido

Seasonal Variation and Factors Affecting Trypanosoma theileri Infection in Wild Sika Deer (Ezo Sika Deer Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Eastern Hokkaido

Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts

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