Co‐infection with malaria and HIV in injecting drug users in Brazil: a new challenge to public health?

Bastos, Francisco Inácio; Barcellos, Christovam; Lowndes, Catherine M; Friedman, Samuel R.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94811656.x

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the protozoan can be accidentally transmitted by blood transfusion [14] and intravenous drug users [10]. The first case of transfusional malaria was registered in 1911 [15-17]. Although uncommon, transfusional malaria can have serious clinical implications when undetected and not treated early [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax subclinical infection in non-endemic region: implications for blood transfusion and malaria epidemiology

Maselli

Levy

Laporta

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundIn Brazil, malaria is endemic in the Amazon River basin and non-endemic in the extra-Amazon region, which includes areas of São Paulo state. In this state, a number of autochthonous cases of malaria occur annually, and the prevalence of subclinical infection is unknown. Asymptomatic infections may remain undetected, maintaining transmission of the pathogen, including by blood transfusion. In these report it has been described subclinical Plasmodium infection in blood donors from a blood transfusion centre in São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, representative samples of blood were obtained from 1,108 healthy blood donors at the Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo, the main blood transfusion centre in São Paulo. Malaria exposure was defined by the home region (exposed: forest region; non-exposed: non-forest region). Real-time PCR was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Subclinical malaria cases were geo-referenced.ResultsEighty-four (7.41%) blood donors tested positive for Plasmodium; 57 of these were infected by P. falciparum, 25 by P. vivax, and 2 by both. The prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 5.14 and 2.26, respectively. The overall prevalence ratio (PR) was 3.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.03, 5.13); P. falciparum PR was 16.11 (95% CI 5.87, 44.21) and P. vivax PR was 0.47 (95% CI 0.2, 1.12). Plasmodium falciparum subclinical malaria infection in the Atlantic Forest domain was present in the mountain regions while P. vivax infection was observed in cities from forest-surrounded areas.ConclusionsThe presence of Plasmodium in healthy blood donors from a region known as non-endemic, which is important in the context of transfusion biosafety, was described. Infected recipients may become asymptomatic carriers and a reservoir for parasites, maintaining their transmission. Furthermore, P. falciparum PR was positively associated with the forest environment, and P. vivax was associated with forest fragmentation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax subclinical infection in non-endemic region: implications for blood transfusion and malaria epidemiology

Maselli

Levy

Laporta

et al. 2014

Malar J

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“…Another study found associations between various drug scene roles, such as selling drugs and needles, and risky injection behaviors among Puerto Rican IDUs with high levels of mobility who travelled between the US and Puerto Rico [12]. In Brazil, spread of malaria from an endemic region to a non-endemic region was linked to syringe sharing among mobile IDUs [13]. Mixing between IDUs has also been implicated in HIV transmission across the border from Northeastern India into Nepal [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Border Crossing to Inject Drugs in Mexico Among Injection Drug Users in San Diego, California

Volkmann

Shin

Garfein

et al. 2011

J Immigrant Minority Health

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Background We examined correlates of ever injecting drugs in Mexico among residents of San Diego, California. Methods From 2007–2010, injecting drug users (IDUs) in San Diego underwent an intervieweradministered survey. Logistic regression identified correlates of injection drug use in Mexico. Results Of 302 IDUs, 38% were Hispanic, 72% male and median age was 37; 27% ever injected in Mexico; 43% reported distributive syringe sharing there. Factors independently associated with ever injecting drugs in Mexico included being younger at first injection, injecting heroin, distributive syringesharing at least half of the time, and transporting drugs over the last six months. Conclusions One-quarter of IDUs reported ever injecting drugs in Mexico, among whom syringe sharing was common, suggesting possible mixing between IDUs in the Mexico-US border region. Prospective studies should monitor trends in cross-border drug use in light of recent Mexican drug policy reforms partially decriminalizing drug possession.

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“…These outbreaks were attributed to the migration of IDUs from distant areas in the country (i.e., the Amazonian basin and tropical rainforest) where malaria is still endemic. Most of these IDUs were coinfected with HIV (26).…”

Section: The Caribbean and Central Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS, and drug consumption in South America and the Caribbean: epidemiological evidence and initiatives to curb the epidemic

Hacker

Malta

Enriquez

et al. 2005

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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Objective. The paper reviews data on drug use in relation to the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS in South America Conclusion. Greater participation of Latin American and Caribbean countries in research protocols and continued debate on both successful and failed experiences should be encouraged in order to minimize existing barriers to the full adoption of effective measures to curb the human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS epidemic in this Region.South America; Caribbean; drug use; cocaine, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS. ABSTRACTEpidemiological studies addressing the intertwined epidemics of injection drug use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS in South America and the Caribbean are still fragmentary. Health professionals and policy makers face great difficulties in assessing the initiatives aimed at curbing the spread of HIV in different countries of the Region (1) and providing management and care to HIVinfected drug users (2).Given these obstacles, a remarkable achievement has been the inclusion of South American cities in large, multicenter studies such as those sponsored Key wordsHacker MA, Malta M, Enriquez M, Bastos FI. Human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS and drug consumption in South America and the Caribbean: epidemiological evidence and initiatives to curb the epidemic. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;18(4/5):303-13.

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Co‐infection with malaria and HIV in injecting drug users in Brazil: a new challenge to public health?

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax subclinical infection in non-endemic region: implications for blood transfusion and malaria epidemiology

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax subclinical infection in non-endemic region: implications for blood transfusion and malaria epidemiology

Border Crossing to Inject Drugs in Mexico Among Injection Drug Users in San Diego, California

Human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS, and drug consumption in South America and the Caribbean: epidemiological evidence and initiatives to curb the epidemic

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