Co-infection with malaria and coronavirus disease-2019

Ray, Manjusha; Vazifdar, Archana; Shivaprakash, Shashikala

doi:10.4103/jgid.jgid_160_20

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…After these exclusions, 10 studies [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] met the eligibility criteria and were included. An additional two studies [20,21] were retrieved from Google Scholar and included. Thus, a final set of 12 studies [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] were included for qualitative and quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and analysis of co-infected cases.…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional two studies [20,21] were retrieved from Google Scholar and included. Thus, a final set of 12 studies [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] were included for qualitative and quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and analysis of co-infected cases. Among the 12 studies included, 5 [10][11][12][13]21] were original research articles, and 7 [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] were case reports or series (Fig 1).…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports

et al. 2021

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Background The world population is currently at a very high risk of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). People who live in malaria-endemic areas and get infected by SARS-CoV-2 may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 or unfavorable disease outcomes if they ignore their malaria status. Therefore, the present study aimed to synthesize, qualitatively and quantitatively, information on the prevalence and characteristics of malaria infection among COVID-19-infected individuals. The findings will help us better understand this particular comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The systematic review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the identification number: CRD42021247521. We searched for studies reporting on the coinfection of COVID-19 and malaria in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to March 27, 2021 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. The study’s methodological quality in the search output was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for cross-sectional study. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection among patients infected with COVID-19 was estimated using the random effect model and then graphically presented as forest plots. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. The characteristics of patients co-infected with COVID-19 and malaria were derived from case reports and series and were formally analyzed using simple statistics. Results Twelve of 1,207 studies reporting the coinfection of COVID-19 and malaria were selected for further analysis. Results of quantitative synthesis show that the pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection (364 cases) among COVID–19 individuals (1,126 cases) is 11%, with a high degree of heterogeneity (95% CI: 4%–18%, I2: 97.07%, 5 studies). Most of the coinfections were reported in Nigeria (336 cases), India (27 cases), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (1 case). Results of qualitative synthesis indicate that patients with coinfection are typically symptomatic at presentation with mild or moderate parasitemia. An analysis of case reports and series indicates that co-infected individuals often display thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated bilirubin levels. Among four patients (30%) who required treatment with intravenous artesunate, one experienced worsened clinical status after administering the drug. One serious outcome of coinfection involved a pregnant woman who experienced fetal abortion due to the initial misdiagnosis of malaria. Conclusions All individuals in malaria-endemic regions who are febrile or display symptoms of COVID-19 should be evaluated for malaria to avoid serious complications. Further prospective studies are required to investigate the burden and outcomes of COVID-19 in malaria-endemic regions. Prompt management is required to prevent serious outcomes in individuals co-infected with COVID-19 and malaria.

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Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports

et al. 2021

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“…[14][15][16][17][18][19] In addition, endemic areas are associated with co-infections, such as acute viral hepatitis, and tropical infections, such as malaria and dengue. [20][21][22]…”

Section: Liver Manifestations Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, co-infections with COVID-19 and these tropical illnesses have been frequently reported. [20][21][22] Hence, in patients presenting with acute febrile illness, these differentials should also be considered, apart from COVID-19.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Patients With Liver Manifestations Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the Liver

Elhence¹,

Vaishnav²,

Biswas³

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology

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Within a year of its emergence, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into a pandemic. What has emerged during the past 1 year is that, apart from its potentially fatal respiratory presentation from which the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) derives its name, it presents with a myriad of gastrointestinal (GI) and liver manifestations. Expression of the angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor throughout the GI tract and liver, which is the receptor for the SARS-CoV-2, may be responsible for the GI and liver manifestations. Besides acting directly via the ACE-2 receptor, the virus triggers a potent immune response, which might have a role in pathogenesis. The virus leads to derangement in liver function tests in close to 50% of the patients. The impact of these derangements in patients with a normal underlying liver seems to be innocuous. Severe clinical presentations include acute decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure in a patient with chronic liver disease, leading to high mortality. Evolving data suggests that, contrary to intuition, liver transplant recipients and patients with autoimmune liver disease on immunosuppression do not have increased mortality. The exact mechanism underlying why immunosuppressed patients fare well as compared to other patients remains to be deciphered. With newer variants of COVID-19, which can spread faster than the original strain, the data on hepatic manifestations needs to be updated to keep a step ahead of the virus.

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“…Future studies will have to determine whether the overcrowding of healthcare systems due to the COVID-19 pandemic is a key factor driving the prevalence of malaria in countries where it is still endemic. Some aspects that may have a negative influence on this are: (1) the fact that both infections share several easily recognizable symptoms (Chanda-Kapata et al 2020 ), which may lead to undervaluing the presence of some of these infections (or even co-infections; Ray et al 2020 ); (2) the abandonment of antimalarial treatment and follow-ups; and (3) limitations in the supplies of antimalarial drugs (Di Gennaro et al 2020 ; Nghochuzie et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of autochthonous and imported malaria in Spain and their relationship with meteorological variables

Sousa

Alba

Vetter³

et al. 2021

Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr

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Since the early twentieth century, the intensity of malaria transmission has decreased sharply worldwide, although it is still an infectious disease with a yearly estimate of 228 million cases. The aim of this study was to expand our knowledge on the main drivers of malaria in Spain. In the case of autochthonous malaria, these drivers were linked to socioeconomic and hygienic and sanitary conditions, especially in rural areas due to their close proximity to the wetlands that provide an important habitat for anopheline reproduction. In the case of imported malaria, the main drivers were associated with urban areas, a high population density and international communication nodes (e.g. airports). Another relevant aspect is that the major epidemic episodes of the twentieth century were strongly influenced by war and military conflicts and overcrowding of the healthcare system due to the temporal overlap with the pandemic flu of 1918. Therefore, military conflicts and overlap with other epidemics or pandemics are considered to be drivers of malaria that can—in a temporary manner—exponentially intensify transmission of the disease. Climatic factors did not play a relevant role as drivers of malaria in Spain (at least directly). However, they did influence the seasonality of the disease and, during the epidemic outbreak of 1940–1944, the climate conditions favored or coadjuvated its spread. The results of this study provide additional knowledge on the seasonal and interannual variability of malaria that can help to develop and implement health risk control measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41207-021-00245-8.

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Co-infection with malaria and coronavirus disease-2019

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports

Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the Liver

Drivers of autochthonous and imported malaria in Spain and their relationship with meteorological variables

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