Co-infection of pigs with Hepatitis E and porcine circovirus 2, Saxony 2016

Jäckel, Susanne; Muluneh, Aemero; Pöhle, Dietrich; Ulber, Claudia; Dähnert, Lisa; Vina-Rodrı́guez, Ariel; Groschup, Martin H.; Eiden, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.009

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our present results could also be used to feed dynamic models representing HEV spread and persistence on farms in which PCV2 may circulate. Our data, obtained under controlled conditions, can also add supplementary explanations to the previously published field studies in which HEV and PCV2 were detected simultaneously in pigs and in which causal relationship was suspected but not demonstrated (Martin et al, 2007;Hosmillo et al, 2010;Savic et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2015;Jackel et al, 2018). Further work is needed to investigate whether there are other underlying immune mechanisms specific to co-infecting viruses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Moreover, as the primary causative agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and other porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), it can sometimes induce hepatitis in pigs (Rosell et al, 2000). However, to date, only few data report on HEV/PCV2 co-infection (Martin et al, 2007;Hosmillo et al, 2010;Savic et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2015;Jackel et al, 2018). In these studies, PCV2 and HEV were simultaneously detected in pigs but the impact of co-infections on HEV dynamics was not investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and transmission under experimental conditions

Salines

Andraud

Pellerin

et al. 2019

Veterinary Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and transmission under experimental conditions

Salines

Andraud

Pellerin

et al. 2019

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Thus, as PCV2 induces the production of IL‐10 that is a cytokine affecting innate and adaptive immune response, PCV2 infection in pigs may affect HEV infection. However, to date, only few data report on HEV/PCV2 co‐infection (Jackel et al, ; Martin et al, ; Savic et al, ). In these studies, PCV2 and HEV were simultaneously detected in pigs but no direct correlation between the two infections could be evidenced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural viral co‐infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter

Salines

Dumarest

Andraud

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen, in particular genotype 3 HEV is mainly transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated pork products. This study aimed at describing HEV infection patterns in pig farms and at assessing the impact of immunomodulating co-infections namely Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), as well as other individual factors such as piglets' immunity and litters' characteristics on HEV dynamics. A longitudinal follow-up was conducted in three farrow-to-finish farms known to be HEV infected. Overall, 360 piglets were individually monitored from birth to slaughter with regular blood and faecal sampling as well as blood and liver samples collected at slaughterhouse. Virological and serological analyses were performed to detect HEV, PCV2 and PRRSV genome and antibodies. The links between 12 explanatory variables and four outcomes describing HEV dynamics were assessed using cox-proportional hazard models and logistic regression. HEV infection dynamics was found highly variable between farms and in a lower magnitude between batches. HEV positive livers were more likely related to short time-intervals between HEV infection and slaughter time (<40 days, OR = 4.1 [3.7-4.5]). In addition to an influence of piglets' sex and sows' parity, the sequence of co-infections was strongly associated with different HEV dynamics: a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was associated with a higher age at HEV shedding (Hazard Ratio = 0.3 [0.2-0.5]), as well as a higher age at HEV seroconversion (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.9] and HR = 0.4 [0.2-0.7] respectively). A PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was associated with a longer duration of shedding (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.8]). Consequently, a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was strongly associated with a higher risk of having positive livers at slaughter (OR = 4.1 [1.9-8.9] and OR = 6.5 [3.2-13.2] respectively). In conclusion, co-infections with immunomodulating viruses were found to affect HEV dynamics in the farrow-to-finish pig farms that were followed in this study. K E Y W O R D S hepatitis E virus, infection dynamics, PCV2, PRRSV, public health, risk factors | 1931 SALINES Et AL.

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“…Coinfections refer to a situation in which two or more species of pathogens coexist in the same host [64]. Case reports have shown coinfections in pigs of HEV and PRRSV, and HEV and PCV2 [65][66][67]. PRRSV and PCV2 are immunomodulating pathogens, although the specific impacts of these viruses on the immune system have not yet been fully uncovered [68,69].…”

Section: Coinfectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms – a review

et al. 2021

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 and 4 is a zoonosis that causes hepatitis in humans. Humans can become infected by consumption of pork or contact with pigs. Pigs are the main reservoir of the virus worldwide and the virus is present on most pig farms. Main body Though HEV is present on most farms, the proportion of infected pigs at slaughter and thus the level of exposure to consumers differs between farms and countries. Understanding the cause of that difference is necessary to install effective measures to lower HEV in pigs at slaughter. Here, HEV studies are reviewed that include infection dynamics of HEV in pigs and on farms, risk factors for HEV farm prevalence, and that describe mechanisms and sources that could generate persistence on farms. Most pigs become infected after maternal immunity has waned, at the end of the nursing or beginning of the fattening phase. Risk factors increasing the likelihood of a high farm prevalence or proportion of actively infected slaughter pigs comprise of factors such as farm demographics, internal and external biosecurity and immunomodulating coinfections. On-farm persistence of HEV is plausible, because of a high transmission rate and a constant influx of susceptible pigs. Environmental sources of HEV that enhance persistence are contaminated manure storages, water and fomites. Conclusion As HEV is persistently present on most pig farms, current risk mitigation should focus on lowering transmission within farms, especially between farm compartments. Yet, one should be aware of the paradox of increasing the proportion of actively infected pigs at slaughter by reducing transmission insufficiently. Vaccination of pigs may aid HEV control in the future.

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Co-infection of pigs with Hepatitis E and porcine circovirus 2, Saxony 2016

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and transmission under experimental conditions

Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and transmission under experimental conditions

Natural viral co‐infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter

Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms – a review

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