Co-infection and cross-species transmission of divergent Hepatocystis lineages in a wild African primate community

Thurber, Mary Irene; Ghai, Ria R.; Holzmann, David; Weny, Geoffrey; Tumukunde, Alex; Chapman, Colin A.; Wiseman, Roger W.; Dinis, Jorge M.; Steeil, James C.; Greiner, Ellis C.; Friedrich, Thomas C.; O’Connor, David H.; Goldberg, Tony L.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.03.002

Cited by 35 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…P. vivax has also specifically been searched for in blood samples (N = 998) from 16 Old World monkey species; however, with the exception of Hepatocystis spp., no malaria parasites were found (Liu et al, 2014). Similar results were obtained after screening specimens from six monkey species from Uganda (N = 102) (Thurber et al, 2013) and from three monkey species in the TNP, Côte d'Ivoire (N = 38) (S. Calvignac-Spencer, personal communication, 2015). Hepatocystis represents one of the numerous genera of malaria parasites, just like the genus Plasmodium, which seems to be paraphyletic to Hepatocystis (Martinsen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Interspecies Transmissionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

Nys

Löhrich

et al. 2017

Primate Biol.

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Abstract. Humans and African great apes (AGAs) are naturally infected with several species of closely related malaria parasites. The need to understand the origins of human malaria as well as the risk of zoonotic transmissions and emergence of new malaria strains in human populations has markedly encouraged research on great ape Plasmodium parasites. Progress in the use of non-invasive methods has rendered investigations into wild ape populations possible. Present knowledge is mainly focused on parasite diversity and phylogeny, with still large gaps to fill on malaria parasite ecology. Understanding what malaria infection means in terms of great ape health is also an important, but challenging avenue of research and has been subject to relatively few research efforts so far. This paper reviews current knowledge on African great ape malaria and identifies gaps and future research perspectives.

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Section: Interspecies Transmissionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

Nys

Löhrich

et al. 2017

Primate Biol.

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“…This procedure generated amplicons of 1254 bp (external) and 932 bp (internal) predicted size [20]. Both external and internal reactions were performed in 25 µl volumes using the FailSafe system (EpiCenter Biotechnologies, Madison, WI, USA), with reactions containing 1× FailSafe PCR PreMix with Buffer E, and 1 unit of FailSafe Enzyme Mix, 2.5 pmol of each primer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-method assessment of patients with febrile illness reveals over-diagnosis of malaria in rural Uganda

Ghai

Thurber

Bakry

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundHealth clinics in rural Africa are typically resource-limited. As a result, many patients presenting with fever are treated with anti-malarial drugs based only on clinical presentation. This is a considerable issue in Uganda, where malaria is routinely over-diagnosed and over-treated, constituting a wastage of resources and an elevated risk of mortality in wrongly diagnosed patients. However, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria are increasingly being used in health facilities. Being fast, easy and inexpensive, RDTs offer the opportunity for feasible diagnostic capacity in resource-limited areas. This study evaluated the rate of malaria misdiagnosis and the accuracy of RDTs in rural Uganda, where presumptive diagnosis still predominates. Specifically, the diagnostic accuracy of “gold standard” methods, microscopy and PCR, were compared to the most feasible method, RDTs.MethodsPatients presenting with fever at one of two health clinics in the Kabarole District of Uganda were enrolled in this study. Blood was collected by finger prick and used to administer RDTs, make blood smears for microscopy, and blot Whatman FTA cards for DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and sequencing. The accuracy of RDTs and microscopy were assessed relative to PCR, considered the new standard of malaria diagnosis.ResultsA total of 78 patients were enrolled, and 31 were diagnosed with Plasmodium infection by at least one method. Comparing diagnostic pairs determined that RDTs and microscopy performed similarly, being 92.6 and 92.0 % sensitive and 95.5 and 94.4 % specific, respectively. Combining both methods resulted in a sensitivity of 96.0 % and specificity of 100 %. However, both RDTs and microscopy missed one case of non-falciparum malaria (Plasmodium malariae) that was identified and characterized by PCR and sequencing. In total, based on PCR, 62.0 % of patients would have been misdiagnosed with malaria if symptomatic diagnosis was used.ConclusionsResults suggest that diagnosis of malaria based on symptoms alone appears to be highly inaccurate in this setting. Furthermore, RDTs were very effective at diagnosing malaria, performing as well or better than microscopy. However, only PCR and DNA sequencing detected non-P. falciparum species, which highlights an important limitation of this test and a treatment concern for non-falciparum malaria patients. Nevertheless, RDTs appear the only feasible method in rural or resource-limited areas, and therefore offer the best way forward in malaria management in endemic countries.

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“…In this environment, people and primates overlap and interact frequently (Goldberg et al, 2008a; Naughton-Treves, 1998, 1999; Onderdonk and Chapman, 2000). Cross-species transmission of infectious agents is frequent in this context (Salzer et al, 2007; Goldberg et al, 2008b; Johnston et al, 2010; Salyer et al, 2012; Hamer et al, 2013; Thurber et al, 2013). Given this situation, the recent identification of a surprising diversity of novel simian RNA viruses in primates in KNP (Goldberg et al, 2008c; Lauck et al, 2011, 2013a,b) is potentially of great concern.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Bushmeat: Animal Contact, Injury, and Zoonotic Disease Risk in Western Uganda

et al. 2014

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Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in humans. In sub-Saharan Africa, bushmeat hunting and butchering is considered the primary risk factor for human-wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission, particularly for the transmission of simian retroviruses. However, hunting is only one of many activities in sub-Saharan Africa that bring people and wildlife into contact. Here, we examine human-animal interaction in western Uganda, identifying patterns of injuries from animals and contact with nonhuman primates. Additionally, we identify individual-level risk factors associated with contact. Nearly 20% (246/ 1,240) of participants reported either being injured by an animal or having contact with a primate over their lifetimes. The majority (51.7%) of injuries were dog bites that healed with no long term medical consequences. The majority (76.8%) of 125 total primate contacts involved touching a carcass; however, butchering (20%), hunting (10%), and touching a live primate (10%) were also reported. Red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) accounted for most primate contact events. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that men who live adjacent to forest fragments are at elevated risk of animal contact and specifically primate contact. Our results provide a useful comparison to West and Central Africa where “bushmeat hunting” is the predominant paradigm for human-wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission.

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Co-infection and cross-species transmission of divergent Hepatocystis lineages in a wild African primate community

Cited by 35 publications

References 35 publications

Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

Multi-method assessment of patients with febrile illness reveals over-diagnosis of malaria in rural Uganda

Beyond Bushmeat: Animal Contact, Injury, and Zoonotic Disease Risk in Western Uganda

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