Co(II)–N4 Catalysts for the Coupling of CO₂ with Epoxides into Cyclic Carbonates: Catalytic Activity, Computational and Kinetic Studies

Abstract

In this study, we synthesized and characterized a series of cobalt(II) complexes bearing linear tetradentate N4 ligands. These Co(II)−N4 complexes proved to be efficient catalysts for the cycloaddition reaction between carbon dioxide and epoxides even at room temperature and 1 bar pressure of carbon dioxide without the need for solvents or cocatalysts. Furthermore, when combined with (triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium chloride (PPNCl) as a cocatalyst, the Co−N4 catalysts exhibited an impressive turnover frequency of up to 41,000 h −1 for coupling of epichlorohydrin/CO 2 . These Co(II)−N4 catalysts were found to have excellent stability and reusability, retaining their catalytic activity after they were recycled seven times. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided a comprehensive mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction, indicating that the rate-determining step is the epoxide ring opening, in both the presence and absence of PPNCl. Further kinetic studies allow us to determine the activation parameters (ΔH ‡ , ΔS ‡ , and ΔG ‡ at 25 °C) of the coupling reaction using the Eyring equation. The Gibbs free activation energy obtained from the kinetic studies was in close agreement with that of the DFT calculations. The substituent effect on the cycloaddition reaction of CO 2 with various substituted styrene oxides was also examined for the first time.