“…With the increase of HTC temperature from 180 to 260 °C, the mass yield of hydrochar remarkably decreased from 81.2 to 38.7%, while the energy yield of hydrochar mildly decreased from 81.6 to 60.8%. Obviously, both the mass yields and energy yields all decreased with the increase of the severity of the hydrothermal condition, which is similar to previous literature reports [14,15,18,29,30]. The mass yield of hydrochar obtained under the same HTC temperature showed no significant difference, but the yield obtained under different HTC temperatures showed a quite obvious difference, indicating that the influence of HTC temperature was more pronounced than the HTC time.…”
Section: The Effect Of Htc Temperature and Time On Mass Yield Energy Yield And Fuel Property Of Hydrocharsupporting
Conversion of waste wood containing urea-formaldehyde resin (WW-UF) into solid fuel with lower nitrogen content and better fuel property through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was studied. With the increase of HTC temperature from 180 to 260 °C, the mass yield and energy yield of the hydrochar decreased from 81.2 to 38.7% and from 81.6 to 62.3%, respectively, while the higher heating values (HHV) of the hydrochar increased from 19.2 to 27.1 MJ/kg. Due to the hydrolysis of urea-formaldehyde resin into urea, the denitrogenation efficiency could reach over 80% at 180 °C. However, the denitrogenation efficiency decreased at elevated HTC temperature because of the condensation/polymerization of urea with carbohydrate derivatives. The combustion and pelletization behaviors of the hydrochar were all improved compared to that of the raw WW-UF. FT-IR spectra confirmed that the UF resin and hemicellulose in the WW-UF could be hydrolyzed at 180 °C, but carbonization of cellulose occurred with HTC temperature over 240 °C. The process water was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to confirm that the mono-saccharides, carboxylic acids, carbocyclic compounds, O-heterocyclic compounds, and N-heterocyclic compounds were presented in process water. The study confirmed that hydrothermal carbonization could be one promising method to covert the WW-UF into clean and efficient solid fuel.
“…With the increase of HTC temperature from 180 to 260 °C, the mass yield of hydrochar remarkably decreased from 81.2 to 38.7%, while the energy yield of hydrochar mildly decreased from 81.6 to 60.8%. Obviously, both the mass yields and energy yields all decreased with the increase of the severity of the hydrothermal condition, which is similar to previous literature reports [14,15,18,29,30]. The mass yield of hydrochar obtained under the same HTC temperature showed no significant difference, but the yield obtained under different HTC temperatures showed a quite obvious difference, indicating that the influence of HTC temperature was more pronounced than the HTC time.…”
Section: The Effect Of Htc Temperature and Time On Mass Yield Energy Yield And Fuel Property Of Hydrocharsupporting
Conversion of waste wood containing urea-formaldehyde resin (WW-UF) into solid fuel with lower nitrogen content and better fuel property through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was studied. With the increase of HTC temperature from 180 to 260 °C, the mass yield and energy yield of the hydrochar decreased from 81.2 to 38.7% and from 81.6 to 62.3%, respectively, while the higher heating values (HHV) of the hydrochar increased from 19.2 to 27.1 MJ/kg. Due to the hydrolysis of urea-formaldehyde resin into urea, the denitrogenation efficiency could reach over 80% at 180 °C. However, the denitrogenation efficiency decreased at elevated HTC temperature because of the condensation/polymerization of urea with carbohydrate derivatives. The combustion and pelletization behaviors of the hydrochar were all improved compared to that of the raw WW-UF. FT-IR spectra confirmed that the UF resin and hemicellulose in the WW-UF could be hydrolyzed at 180 °C, but carbonization of cellulose occurred with HTC temperature over 240 °C. The process water was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to confirm that the mono-saccharides, carboxylic acids, carbocyclic compounds, O-heterocyclic compounds, and N-heterocyclic compounds were presented in process water. The study confirmed that hydrothermal carbonization could be one promising method to covert the WW-UF into clean and efficient solid fuel.
“…As shown in Fig. 1 b, with a random distribution and low residue values, the model is substantial 32 , 33 . Figure 1 Relationship between the actual (experimental) and predicted values ( a ) and plot of the residues versus experimental order ( b ).…”
Today, sugarcane bagasse (SB) is used for bioethanol and biodiesel production, energy generation, and adsorbent synthesis. The goal of this project is to determine the optimized conditions for producing adsorbent from sugarcane bagasse using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. To optimize process parameters such as reaction temperature, residence time, ZnCl2/SB mixing ratios, and water/SB mixing ratios, response surface methodology was used. The results revealed that the optimum modified adsorption occurred at 180 °C, 11.5 h, a water to biomass ratio of (5:1), and a ZnCl2 to precursor ratio of (3.5:1). The physicochemical features of optimum activated hydrochar were investigated, as well as batch adsorption experiments. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model were found to fit the experimental results in batch adsorption studies [$${q}_{max}=90.1$$
q
max
=
90.1
(mg/g)]. Thermodynamic experiments further confirmed the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption mechanism.
“…Production of hyacinth ash is done through burning under open sunlight area and production of hyacinth powder is completed during the crushing process. Wu et al, 23 Zhang et al 24 noted at the end of the process, nearly 15 kg of powder and 5.5 kg of ash was produced from 45 kg of extracted water hyacinth plants. The plant powder and ash extraction process is clearly explained in below Figure 1.…”
Section: Water Hyacinth Plant Powder and Ash Extractionmentioning
Contemporarily, natural fibers are considered as one of the important reinforcement materials as a consequence of their positive environmental productive characteristics like biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and nontoxicity. Mostly, natural fibers are used as commercial products towards lightweight materials and other applications. Most of the recent research works are closely related to aquatic and other natural fibers since they are considered to replace synthetic fibers. This research work focuses on the extraction process from water hyacinth plant into various commercial products by converting the hyacinth powder and ash particles with epoxy resin through the help of a compression molding machine. No work has to be done by using water hyacinth powder and ash reinforced polymer composites. The work samples were subjected to mechanical testing, thermal, TGA, DTA, SEM, elemental mapping, and chemical analysis. Mechanical strength of powder and ash composites varies from tensile 14.94 to 18.80 MPa, 18.91 to 28.6 MPa, and flexural 25.28 to 31.56 MPa, 23.08 to 45.704 MPa, and Impact 0.05 to 0.10 J, 0.10 to 0.15 J. Based on the final results obtained from this work the water hyacinth natural plant powder and ash can be used as reinforcement materials with an epoxy resin matrix that can be used for particleboard production and also other lightweight material products.
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