Co‐doping Graphene with B and N Heteroatoms for Application in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

Abstract

Graphene, as an important member of the twodimensional (2D) class of materials, has been used extensively in a large spectrum of applications due to its remarkable properties. In addition to its properties and its easy modulation through intentional doping with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) heteroatoms leads to the production of graphene derivatives that exhibits a comprehensive arsenal of fascinating properties. More importantly, the different electronegativities of boron and nitrogen heteroatoms bestows graphene with a variety of new and/or improved electromagnetic, catalytic, physicochemical, and optical properties. As a result, doped graphene derivatives have been explored in catalysis, biotechnology, sensors, water purification, and used in many other applications. Nonetheless, there is a shortage of data on the use of B/N co-doped graphene nanomaterials in renewable energy conversion and storage technology. Therefore, this article aims to provide an overview on the recent progress and future aspects of several key applications of B/N co-doped graphene nanomaterials in these areas of energy and storage.

Direct Bottom-Up In Situ Growth: A Paradigm Shift for Studies in Wet-Chemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

“…Fortuni et al tested the separation of strong and weak reductants and the addition of other shape-directing reagents in situ, demonstrating substrate growth of gold nanostars and Ag@Au-shells (Figure 5F−J). 59,224 The in situ synthesis of gold nanostars on 1:10 239,240 graphene 73,241,242 and graphene oxide, 243 and transition metal carbides (MXenes). These materials have gained increasing interest as electrocatalysts, 244 photodetectors, 245 devices for energy conversion and storage, 246 superconductors, 242 and magnetic materials.…”

“…Nanoparticles on Two-Dimensional Materials. Two-dimensional materials are attractive substrates for in situ growth functionalization, including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), 239,240 graphene 73,241,242 and graphene oxide, 243 and transition metal carbides (MXenes). These materials have gained increasing interest as electrocatalysts, 244 photodetectors, 245 devices for energy conversion and storage, 246 superconductors, 242 and magnetic materials.…”

“…Two-dimensional materials are attractive substrates for in situ growth functionalization, including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), , graphene ,, and graphene oxide, and transition metal carbides (MXenes). These materials have gained increasing interest as electrocatalysts, photodetectors, devices for energy conversion and storage, superconductors, and magnetic materials. , Two-dimensional materials decorated with metal nanoparticles are emerging as novel hybrid systems, where the incorporated nanostructures can be utilized to tune catalytic properties, , to act as dopants, or to identify defect sites …”

Applications of Graphene in Five Senses, Nervous System, and Artificial Muscles

“…Compared to pure graphene, hybridized graphene showed success in multiple functional performances, including surface decoration, heterostructures, alloys, and composites. Atomic level tailoring turns up as a fashion, including defect engineering , and heteroatom doping. − …”

Selective NO2 Gas Sensors Employing Nitrogen- and Boron-Doped and Codoped Reduced Graphene Oxide

“…One of the most promising approaches for improving the surface reactivity without decreasing the electrical conductivity is chemical doping of graphene networks with heteroatoms like B, N, P, and S. − Therefore, chemically doped GO can be regarded as a promising candidate for an efficient NO 2 sensor. Either by surface transfer or substitution of carbon atoms in the graphene lattice, doping with heteroatoms affects graphene’s surface, chemical, and electronic characteristics, as well as its free charge carrier densities and electrical conductivity …”