Co-developing evidence-informed adaptation actions for resilient citywide sanitation: Local government response to climate change in Indonesia

Abstract

Already climate-related hazards are impacting sanitation systems in Indonesia and elsewhere, and climate models indicate these hazards are likely to increase in frequency and intensity. Without due attention, to maintain existing progress on Sustainable Development Goal 6’s target 6.2 and to increase it to meet ambitions for 2030 will be difficult. City governments need new forms of evidence to respond, as well as approaches to enable them to consider sufficient breadth of strategies to adapt effectively. This paper describes a co-production research process which engaged local governments in four cities in Indonesia experiencing different climate hazards. Local government engagement took place across three stages of (i) inception and design, (ii) participation as key informants and (iii) joint analysis and engagement on the findings. We adapted and simplified a risk prioritisation process based on current literature and employed a novel framework of a ‘climate resilient sanitation system’ to prompt articulation of current and proposed climate change adaptation response actions. In contrast to many current framings of climate resilience in sanitation that focus narrowly on technical responses, the results paint a rich picture of efforts needed by city governments across all domains, including planning, institutions, financing, infrastructure and management options, user awareness, water cycle management and monitoring and evaluation. Local government commitment and improved comprehension on the implications of climate change for sanitation service delivery were key outcomes arising from the co-production process. With strengthened policy and capacity building initiatives from national level, this foundation can be supported, and Indonesian city governments will be equipped to move forward with adaptation actions that protect on-going access to sanitation services, public health and the environment.

Conducting co-creation for public health in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and key informant perspectives on implementation barriers and facilitators

“…and policy makers (e.g., from the Ministry of Health and other regulatory bodies) To develop a program theory for a co-created IVR system for cancer awareness in Uganda. Willetts et al [ 36 ] 2022 Indonesia Climate change and sanitation Impact of climate-related hazards and impact on sanitation systems. City governments To co-produce a research process with local governments.…”

“…Most interventions were designed directly in the LMIC setting [ 32 , 34 , 36 – 38 , 40 – 43 , 45 – 47 , 50 , 53 , 54 ], while two interventions were initially designed and implemented in another LMIC and then transferred and adapted to the study’s LMIC setting [ 35 , 48 ], one transition occurring within the same continent, moving from Ghana and Nigeria to Uganda [ 35 ], while the other involving a transfer from Vietnam and Kyrgyzstan to Uganda [ 48 ]. Three interventions were initially designed in a HIC setting and transferred and adapted to an LMIC setting [ 33 , 44 , 51 ].…”

“…Co-creation was also combined with co-design and CBPR [ 40 ]. Some adopted a co-production approach [ 36 ] while others used the approach of co-design [ 48 ], co-development [ 37 , 52 ]. Others utilized human-centred design [ 53 ] or citizen science as their approach when co-creating [ 38 ].…”

“…Several authors have been engaging with representatives of the people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances to conduct needs and contextual assessment before the intervention’s design [ 34 , 35 , 38 , 45 , 47 , 53 , 55 ] while some have also involved representatives from the target population also when co-designing the intervention [ 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 – 43 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 ].…”

An Urban Governance Framework for Including Environmental Migrants in Sustainable Cities

“…Co-design involves the co-evolution of knowledge [100], leveraging that knowledge to define policy problems to be addressed along with co-implemented and co-evolving responses and solutions. Co-design and co-implementation have created support for sustainability interventions in cities for co-evolving policy tools [101][102][103]. Table 1 provides urban examples of policy and practice approaches for reducing vulnerability and including environmental migrants.…”