“…Although differences exist in cell models, outcomes, endpoints, and modality of PEMF stimulation, there is robust evidence in the literature that indicates that PEMFs exert deep biological effects on osteoblastic cells and affect their proliferation and differentiation, often synergistically acting with osteogenic cues, stimulating several pathways that are known to control cell function and fate. PEMFs have been successfully tested with numerous in vitro models of osteoblastic phenotype, most noticeably rat calvaria osteoblasts [Bodamyali et al, ; Li et al, ; Kuan‐Jung Li et al, ; Selvamurugan et al, ; Hopper et al, ; Zhang et al, ; Zhou et al, ; Yan et al, ; Xie et al, ; Wang et al, ] and human bone marrow stromal cells [Sun et al, , ; Tsai et al, ; Jansen et al, ; Esposito et al, ; Ceccarelli et al, ; Fu et al, ; Kaivosoja et al, ; Petecchia et al, ; Selvamurugan et al, ; He et al, ] although primary human osteoblasts from other sources, for example, femur [Barnaba et al, ; Ehnert et al, , , ] are also well accounted for in the literature. A considerable amount of evidence has also been collected using osteoblastic cell lines, both of human origin, for example, SaOS‐2 [Hannay et al, ; Martino et al, ; Borsje et al, ; Kaivosoja et al, ] or MG‐63 [De Mattei et al, , ; Lohmann et al, ; Sollazzo et al, ; Noriega‐Luna et al, ], or of murine origin, for example, MC3T3 [Diniz et al, , ; Patterson et al, ; Sakai et al, ; Soda et al, ; Li et al, ; Lin et al, ; Zhai et al, ; Tong et al, ] or MLO‐Y4 [Lohmann et al, ; Wang et al, ].…”