The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the application of the concept of rapid rehabilitation surgical care in liver transplantation nursing. In this paper, 86 patients who underwent liver transplantation treatment in our hospital between August 2019 and August 2021 were selected for investigation and study. The random number table method divided these 86 patients into control and observation groups, with 43 patients in each group. The patients in the control group were provided with clinical care based on the concept of conventional care; the patients in the observation group were provided with clinical care based on the concept of rapid surgical care. The surgical treatment indexes of the two groups were recorded, including the time of recovery of bowel function (venting or defecation), the time of getting out of bed for independent activities after surgery, and the length of hospitalization; the Hamilton Anxiety Inventory HAMA, the Depression Inventory HAMD, and the Quality of Life Assessment Scale SF-36 were applied to assess the anxiety and depression state of mind and quality of life of the patients in the two groups after surgery; Observe the compliance performance of patients in the two groups during the perioperative treatment; Count the incidence of adverse events such as postoperative wound bleeding, poor healing, infection, catheter dislodgement or abnormal drainage, biliary tract disease and rejection reaction in the two groups. The results showed that the patients in the observation group had significantly shorter recovery time of intestinal function, time to get out of bed for voluntary activities and hospital stay after surgery than the control group; the scores of HAMA, HAMD and SF-36 were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group; the excellent compliance rate of 83.72% in the observation group was significantly higher than that of 65.12% in the control group; the incidence of postoperative adverse events was significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group. The incidence of postoperative adverse events in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). In short, implanting the clinical care of rapid rehabilitation surgical concept in liver transplantation can promote the optimization of surgical treatment indicators, improve patients' poor mentality, improve patients' quality of life, effectively reduce the occurrence of postoperative adverse events, and promote postoperative recovery.